Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

241 questions · 254 findings · 39 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 73 · 28.7%GRADE not reported 22 · 8.7%Very low 77 · 30.3%Low 55 · 21.7%Moderate 27 · 10.6%High 0 · 0%

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

Number of participants achieving 3 or more weeks of consecutive alcohol abstinence during treatment · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users

It is very uncertain whether cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) changes number of participants achieving 3 or more weeks of consecutive… compared with twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

Abstinence from alcohol over the last 30 days · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users

It is very uncertain whether cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) changes alcohol abstinence compared with twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) vs Twelve Step Facilitation

Retention [ · concurrent problem alcohol and illicit drug users

It is very uncertain whether cognitive‐behavioural coping skills training (CBCST) changes retention ‐ end of treatment compared with twelve‐step facilitation (TSF) programme to reduce alcohol consumption (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tricyclic antidepressants vs behavioural interventions

Number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of treatment ‐ imipramine vs 3 step therapy (reassurance, retention control training + wakening, parental involvement) · children with nocturnal enuresis

Tricyclics may leads to higher number not achieving 14 consecutive dry nights at the end of… compared with behavioural interventions (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Mindfulness based on positive behaviour support vs positive behaviour support

Aggressive behaviour: aggressive events – carer reports – post‐training (Analysis 4.1) · outwardly aggressive behaviour in people with intellectual disability
1 finding from 1 review

Alarm plus other intervention vs other interventions

Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis

It is very uncertain whether alarm plus other intervention changes proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the… compared with other intervention (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review