Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

236 questions · 243 findings · 22 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 35 · 14.4%GRADE not reported 9 · 3.7%Very low 50 · 20.6%Low 71 · 29.2%Moderate 65 · 26.7%High 13 · 5.3%

Intervention not reported

Daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 600 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

The intervention may leads to higher daclizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 600 participants) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) No direct evidence (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2300 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

The intervention showed no clear difference in dimethylfumarate (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2300 participants) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

The intervention showed no clear difference in fingolimod (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2355 participants) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 2371 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

The intervention showed no clear difference in glatiramer acetate (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 2371 participants) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

The intervention showed no clear difference in interferon beta‐1b (Betaferon) No direct evidence (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Interferon beta‐1a (Rebif, Avonex) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 897 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes interferon beta‐1a (Rebif, Avonex) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 897… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes laquinimod (Direct evidence; 3 RCTs; 3457 participants) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 53 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes mitoxantrone (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 53 participants) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 939 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

The intervention showed no clear difference in natalizumab (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 939 participants) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Ocrelizumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes ocrelizumab No direct evidence (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Interferon beta‐1a (Avonex, Rebif) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 560 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Azathioprine, daclizumab, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, Immunoglobulins, interferon beta 1a ‐1b,…

The intervention may leads to lower interferon beta‐1a (Avonex, Rebif) (Direct evidence; 1 RCT; 560… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Ofatumumab No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes ofatumumab No direct evidence (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Ozanimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes ozanimod No direct evidence (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Ponesimod No direct evidence · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes ponesimod No direct evidence (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2253 participants) · Patients with RRMS Interventions: Alemtuzumab, cladribine, daclizumab, dimethylfumarate, fingolimod, glatiramer acetate, interferon…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes teriflunomide (Direct evidence; 2 RCTs; 2253 participants) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review