What do systematic reviews say?

PIPP score during post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

DAN score during venipuncture (preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

DAN score during the post‐injection period Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with venipuncture

NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after IM injection Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

PIPP during IM injection (term infants) ‐ Infants of non‐diabetic and diabetic mothers Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after immunization Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection

Change in DAN score Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with bladder catheterization

PIPP score during heel lance (1st heel lance) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

PIPP score intra procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP score 30 seconds post procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP score 1 min post procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion

PIPP during exam Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain/distress associated with ROP examination

PIPP score during eye examination Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates

N‐PASS score during circumcision Range of scale 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score after 5 min Range of scale 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score during circumcision Range 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

N‐PASS score after 5 min Range 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision

DAN score at 30 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

NIPS during heel lance Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain

NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain