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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,432 questions · 1,467 findings · 116 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 232 · 15.8%GRADE not reported 202 · 13.8%Very low 286 · 19.5%Low 327 · 22.3%Moderate 286 · 19.5%High 134 · 9.1%

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Perception of improvement or cure · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in subjective cure or improvement: patient‐reported as defined by the… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Disease‐specific quality of life · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in condition‐specific quality of life: using validated questionnaires,… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Objective cure or improvement: > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in objective cure or improvement: > 6 to 12 months compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Adherence · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes participant adherence to the intervention: as reported by the… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

QoL · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

Combinations of conservative treatments showed no clear difference in general quality of life: > 6 to 12 months compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs placebo

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · patients with osteoarthritis

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen probably leads to higher number of participants experiencing any adverse event compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen may leads to higher number of participants who withdrew due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen vs NSAIDs

Number of participants reporting an adverse event · patients with osteoarthritis

Tramadol in combination with acetaminophen showed no clear difference in number of participants experiencing any adverse event compared with NSAIDs (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review