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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4 questions · 4 findings · 1 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 25%Low 2 · 50%Moderate 1 · 25%High 0 · 0%

Low‐cavity forceps vs any vacuum cup

Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth

It is very uncertain whether low‐cavity forceps changes third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any vacuum cup (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Soft cup vs rigid cup

Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth

Soft cup showed no clear difference in third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with rigid cup (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Handheld vacuum vs any vacuum cup

Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth

Handheld vacuum showed no clear difference in third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any vacuum cup (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any type of forceps vs any vacuum cup

Third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) · Women in the second stage of labour, requiring an assisted vaginal birth

Any type of forceps may leads to higher third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear (with or without episiotomy) compared with any type of vacuum cup (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review