Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

10 questions · 11 findings · 4 reviews

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 1 · 9.1%Very low 6 · 54.5%Low 1 · 9.1%Moderate 3 · 27.3%High 0 · 0%

Visual caries detection (ICDAS visual/visual-tactile inspection) vs Reference standard (histology, excavation, radiographs/microCT, or tooth separation)

Specificity for detection of enamel caries · Asymptomatic children, adolescents, or adults presenting for clinical examination (in vivo studies), or extracted teeth of children or…

1 finding from 1 review

Visual or visual‐tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Up to 3 months between index test and reference standard (in vivo studies)
Specificity 0.76 [0.67, 0.83]
36 studies
GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

Accuracy of health worker‐performed CBE Time of outcome assessment: 2 years to 20 years Method of measurement: Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value · health workers

1 finding from 1 review

Training health workers in clinical breast examination for early detection of breast cancer in low‐ and middle‐income… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 2 participants
Very low

Light-based detection and/or oral spectroscopy (e.g. ViziLite, VELscope, Microlux DL, Identafi 3000) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Specificity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.50 [0.32, 0.68]
23 studies
Very low

Vital staining (e.g. toluidine blue, tolonium chloride) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Specificity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.68 [0.58, 0.77]
20 studies
Very low

Combined index tests (e.g. vital staining plus light-based detection or cytology) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Specificity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.71 [0.53, 0.84]
9 studies
Very low

Brush biopsy (oral cytology) vs Surgical or punch biopsy with histological assessment

Specificity · Adults (aged 16 years or over) presenting to primary or secondary care with clinically evident suspicious or innocuous oral lesions

1 finding from 1 review

Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.94 [0.88, 0.97]
20 studies
Moderate

COE with vital rinsing (toluidine blue/tolonium chloride) vs Conventional oral examination (COE) alone

Specificity · Oral cavity cancer or potentially malignant disorder symptom-free individuals with tobacco habits

2 findings from 1 review

Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.91 [0.90, 0.91]
1 study · 4080 participants
Moderate
Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Specificity 0.92 [0.91, 0.93]
1 study · 3895 participants
Moderate

Remote screening of the oral cavity (mobile application/telemedicine) vs Reference standard: examination and clinical evaluation by a physician/clinician with specialist knowledge or training (long-term follow-up accepted for those screened negative)

Specificity for detection of oral cavity cancer/OPMD · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance programme, or screened…

1 finding from 1 review

Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Summary of findings 4 (no pooled analysis): specificity 0.99 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.00), 1.00 (95% CI 0.91 to 1.00), and 0.72 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.80) across the 3 studies. Certainty VERY LOW.
3 studies · 3600 participants
Very low

Mouth self-examination (MSE) vs Reference standard: examination and clinical evaluation by a physician/clinician with specialist knowledge or training (long-term follow-up accepted for those screened negative)

Specificity for detection of oral cavity cancer/OPMD · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance programme, or screened…

1 finding from 1 review

Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Summary of findings 2 (no pooled analysis): specificity 1.00 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.00), 0.95 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.99), 0.44 (95% CI 0.20 to 0.70), and 0.54 (95% CI 0.37 to 0.69) across the 4 studies. Certainty VERY LOW.
4 studies · 35059 participants
Very low

Visual examination (VE) vs Reference standard: examination and clinical evaluation by a physician/clinician with specialist knowledge or training (long-term follow-up accepted for those screened negative)

Specificity for detection of oral cavity cancer/OPMD · Apparently healthy adults not reporting symptoms of OPMD or OSCC, attending an organised screening or surveillance programme, or screened…

1 finding from 1 review

Clinical assessment for the detection of oral cavity cancer and potentially malignant disorders in apparently healthy… 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
Summary of findings 1 (no pooled analysis): for the 7 low-prevalence studies specificity ranged from 0.94 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.97) to 0.99 (95% CI 0.98 to 1.00); for the 3 higher-prevalence studies specificity ranged from…
10 studies · 25568 participants
Low