What do systematic reviews say?

LAMA vs LABA

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

• Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.83 [0.61, 1.13]
  2 studies · 10815 participants
  Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

• Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.98 [0.59, 1.61]
  2 studies · 2510 participants
  Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA

• Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

• Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.62 [0.4, 0.96]
  1 study · 3358 participants
  Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LAMA

LABA/ICS probably leads to higher pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

• Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.8 [1.06, 3.06]
  2 studies · 1580 participants
  Moderate