Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

12 questions · 13 findings · 4 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 1 · 7.7%Very low 4 · 30.8%Low 7 · 53.8%Moderate 1 · 7.7%High 0 · 0%

Opioids vs placebo

Need for additional pain relief (6 to 8 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

Opioid may leads to lower need for additional pain relief (6 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NSAIDs vs placebo

Additional pain relief · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

NSAID may leads to lower need for additional pain relief (5 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin vs placebo

Need for additional pain relief (4 to 8 hours) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

It is very uncertain whether aspirin changes need for additional pain relief (4 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol vs placebo

Need for additional pain relief (up to 4 hours) · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

It is very uncertain whether paracetamol changes need for additional pain relief (up to 4 hours) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NSAIDs vs placebo

Adequate pain relief as reported by women · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

NSAID may leads to higher adequate pain relief(4 hours after administration) compared with placebo (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Paracetamol vs placebo

Relief of pain · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

It is very uncertain whether paracetamol changes adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (6 hours) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

NSAIDs vs placebo

Relief of pain · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

NSAID probably leads to higher adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (5 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs placebo

Relief of pain · women who have given birth vaginally, requiring analgesia for after‐birth pains.

Opioid showed no clear difference in adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (5 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Aspirin vs placebo

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · women with perineal pain in the early postpartum period

Aspirin may leads to higher adequate pain relief as reported by the woman (4 to 8 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review