What do systematic reviews say?

Hysterectomy (simple or radical) with radiotherapy vs Radiotherapy alone

Hysterectomy (simple or radical) with radiotherapy showed no clear difference in overall survival Median compared with radiotherapy alone (low certainty).

• Hysterectomy with radiotherapy or chemotherapy or both for women with locally advanced cervical cancer 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.89 [0.61, 1.29]
  1 study · 256 participants
  Low

mTOR inhibitors vs chemotherapy/hormone therapy

mTOR inhibitors showed no clear difference in overall survival: first‐line trials ( compared with chemotherapy/hormone therapy (low certainty).

• PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.32 [0.98, 1.78]
  1 study · 231 participants
  Low

IRI with fluoropyrimidines vs single agent IRI

IRI with fluoropyrimidines showed no clear difference in overall survival (Death) compared with single agent IRI (low certainty).

• Irinotecan chemotherapy combined with fluoropyrimidines versus irinotecan alone for overall survival and… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.91 [0.81, 1.02]
  5 studies · 1728 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Adjuvant (post‐surgery) chemotherapy for early stage epithelial ovarian cancer 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1008 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Adjuvant (post‐surgery) chemotherapy for early stage epithelial ovarian cancer 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  925 participants
  High

mTOR inhibitors vs chemotherapy/hormone therapy

mTOR inhibitors showed no clear difference in overall survival: second/third‐line trials ( compared with chemotherapy/hormone therapy (low certainty).

• PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors for advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.06 [0.7, 1.61]
  1 study · 130 participants
  Low

Amifostine 200 mg/m2 three times weekly vs Amifostine 200 mg/m2 five times weekly

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Insufficient evidence reported on overall survival or locoregional tumour control (Analysis 4.2; 4.3)
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to lower overall survival Hazard ratio (moderate certainty).

• Preoperative chemotherapy for resectable thoracic esophageal cancer 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.88 [0.8, 0.96]
  10 studies · 2122 participants
  Moderate

Irinotecan vs non‐irinotecan‐containing regimens

It is very uncertain whether irinotecan changes overall survival ‐ Other comparisons compared with non‐irinotecan‐containing regimens (very low certainty).

• Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.87 [0.76, 1]
  2 studies · 809 participants
  Very low

Docetaxel vs non‐docetaxel‐containing regimens

It is very uncertain whether docetaxel changes overall survival ‐ Other comparisons compared with non‐docetaxel‐containing regimens (very low certainty).

• Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.8 [0.46, 1.39]
  1 study · 56 participants
  Very low

Irinotecan vs non‐irinotecan‐containing regimens

Irinotecan showed no clear difference in overall survival ‐ Additive comparisons compared with non‐irinotecan‐containing regimens (low certainty).

• Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.88 [0.76, 1.03]
  3 studies · 500 participants
  Low

Docetaxel vs non‐docetaxel‐containing regimens

Docetaxel probably leads to lower overall survival ‐ Additive comparisons compared with non‐docetaxel‐containing regimens (moderate certainty).

• Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.8 [0.71, 0.91]
  4 studies · 1466 participants
  Moderate

Carboplatin vs cisplatin chemotherapy

Carboplatin showed no clear difference in overall survival (baseline risks for low‐ and high‐risk groups in… compared with cisplatin chemotherapy (high certainty).

• Cisplatin versus carboplatin in combination with third‐generation drugs for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.99 [0.82, 1.2]
  10 studies · 2515 participants
  High

Gemcitabine combinations vs gemcitabine

Gemcitabine combinations leads to lower overall survival ‐ Gemcitabine plus taxane compared with gemcitabine alone (high certainty).

• Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.72 [0.62, 0.84]
  1 study · 861 participants
  High

Irinotecan vs non‐irinotecan‐containing regimens

Irinotecan showed no clear difference in overall survival ‐ Substitutive comparisons compared with non‐irinotecan‐containing regimens (moderate certainty).

• Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.87 [0.75, 1]
  6 studies · 826 participants
  Moderate

Docetaxel vs non‐docetaxel‐containing regimens

Docetaxel showed no clear difference in overall survival ‐ Substitutive comparisons compared with non‐docetaxel‐containing regimens (moderate certainty).

• Chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.05 [0.87, 1.27]
  3 studies · 479 participants
  Moderate

Adjuvant S‐1 vs gemcitabine

It is very uncertain whether adjuvant S‐1 changes all‐cause mortality: 1‐year overall survival compared with gemcitabine (very low certainty).

• Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.15, 0.96]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Adjuvant S‐1 vs gemcitabine

It is very uncertain whether adjuvant S‐1 changes all‐cause mortality: 2‐year overall survival compared with gemcitabine (very low certainty).

• Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.58, 1.13]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Gemcitabine combinations vs gemcitabine

Gemcitabine combinations showed no clear difference in overall survival ‐ Gemcitabine plus other agent(s) compared with gemcitabine alone (low certainty).

• Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.79 [0.56, 1.1]
  4 studies · 767 participants
  Low

Gemcitabine combinations vs gemcitabine

Gemcitabine combinations showed no clear difference in overall survival ‐ Gemcitabine plus platinum agent compared with gemcitabine alone (low certainty).

• Chemotherapy and radiotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.94 [0.81, 1.08]
  6 studies · 1140 participants
  Low