Electronic cigarette use vs Non-smokers (non-users)
Oral candidiasis prevalence · Adult e-cigarette (ENDS) users (general oral health; predominantly natural dentition)
E-cigarette users may have a higher prevalence of oral Candida colonization than non-smokers (narrative synthesis; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
- An Umbrella Review of E-Cigarettes' Impact on Oral Microbiota and Biofilm Buildup. 2025 All outcomesOral health / dental care (community and clinical samples)Narrative synthesis: e-cigarette users showed a higher prevalence of Candida spp. (e.g., C. albicans) and increased fungal species compared with non-smokers (Ralho, Camoni [32,28]); no pooled estimate reported.2 studiesGRADE not reported