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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

188 questions · 194 findings · 102 reviews

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No studies found 26 · 13.4%GRADE not reported 14 · 7.2%Very low 35 · 18%Low 56 · 28.9%Moderate 52 · 26.8%High 11 · 5.7%

Beclometasone vs placebo

Mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

It is very uncertain whether beclometasone changes mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo or control

Death or cerebral palsy · preterm infants with chronic lung disease

Systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone or hydrocortisone) showed no clear difference in mortality or cerebral palsy ‐ at latest reported age compared with control (placebo or nothing) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative inspiratory muscle training vs usual care, non‐exercise intervention

Mortality In the early postoperative period (≤ 30 days) · adult participants undergoing cardiac and major abdominal surgery

It is very uncertain whether preoperative inspiratory muscle training changes all‐cause mortality within 30 days during postoperative period compared with usual care, non‐exercise intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multi‐component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

Multi‐component intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single component intervention vs control

Adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all cause or COPD‐related), serious adverse events, mortality · COPD

It is very uncertain whether single component intervention changes adverse events: number of people experiencing adverse events (all… compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review