What do systematic reviews say?

4 questions · 4 findings · 3 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 25%Low 2 · 50%Moderate 1 · 25%High 0 · 0%

Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour

Caesarean section · women in labour

It is very uncertain whether immersion in water changes mode of birth (caesarean section) compared with no immersion during second stage of labour (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immersion in water during labour and birth 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.02]
1 study · 120 participants
Very low

Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour

Caesarean section · women in labour

Immersion in water showed no clear difference in mode of birth (caesarean section) compared with no immersion during first stage of labour (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immersion in water during labour and birth 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.27 [0.91, 1.79]
7 studies · 2652 participants
Low

Any upright vs supine

Caesarean section · women in the second stage of labour without epidural anaesthesia

Any upright showed no clear difference in mode of birth: caesarean section compared with supine position (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.22 [0.81, 1.81]
16 studies · 5439 participants
Low

Magnesium sulphate vs placebo (outcomes

Caesarean section · women at risk of preterm birth (< 34 weeks' gestation)

Magnesium sulphate showed no clear difference in mode of birth (caesarean section)** compared with placebo (outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Magnesium sulphate for women at risk of preterm birth for neuroprotection of the fetus 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.91, 1.02]
5 studies · 5861 participants
Moderate