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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1 questions · 1 findings · 1 reviews · Oral Health

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 1 · 100%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)

Hip/femoral bone mineral density (BMD) · general population

Hip BMD increased with fluoride in both sexes (linearly in males, non-linearly above ~1.2 mg/L in females); no numeric MD reported in text for the main analysis; ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review
  • The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes
    Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Both sexes, main dose-response
    Hip BMD increased in both sexes, linearly in males and non-linearly (starting above 1.2 mg/L) in females (no numeric MD reported in text for main analysis)
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported