What do systematic reviews say?

Familiar odour (breast milk smell) vs usual care

Familiar odour (breast milk smell) showed no clear difference in heart rate compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Low

White noise vs usual care

White noise showed no clear difference in heart rate compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Low

Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch vs usual care

Facilitated tucking / four‐handed care / gentle human touch showed no clear difference in heart rate compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for the prevention of pain during endotracheal suctioning in ventilated neonates 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 80 participants
  Low

Topical anesthetics vs placebo or no intervention

• Pharmacological interventions for the management of pain and discomfort during lumbar puncture in newborn infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

NMDA receptor antagonists vs no treatment, placebo, oral sweet solution, or non‐pharmacological intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐opioid analgesics for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found