What do systematic reviews say?

Primary surgical intervention (curettage, peripheral osteotomy, or resection) vs Primary non-surgical intervention (intralesional corticosteroids, subcutaneous calcitonin, interferon alpha, or imatinib)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws 2009 · Cochrane All outcomes
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies
  No studies found

Surgery plus radiotherapy vs Chemotherapy (chemoradiotherapy)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes

  oral cavity
  Disease-free survival: not reported (Iyer 2015).
  0 studies
  No studies found

Surgery plus radiotherapy vs Radiotherapy alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Disease-free survival: not reported.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Supraomohyoid neck dissection vs Modified radical neck dissection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Disease-free survival: not reported (Guo 2014 reported disease-specific survival, not a review outcome).
  0 studies
  No studies found

PET-CT following chemoradiotherapy (neck dissection only if no/incomplete response) vs Planned neck dissection before or after chemoradiotherapy

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Disease-free survival: outcome not reported in a usable way (Mehanna 2017: disease-specific and other-cause mortality did not differ, P=0.80 and 0.41).
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Amifostine vs no treatment/placebo

Amifostine showed no clear difference in disease-free survival compared with no treatment/placebo; GRADE not reported.

• Pharmacological interventions for preventing dry mouth and salivary gland dysfunction following radiotherapy 2017 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 months postRT
  RR 0.94 [0.73, 1.21]
  1 study · 170 participants
  GRADE not reported

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

It is very uncertain whether non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell… changes disease-free survival compared with standard therapy alone (very low certainty).

• Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  24 to 70 months · Recombinant interleukin-2 + surgery (De Stefani 2002)
  HR 0.66 [0.43, 1.02]
  1 study · 201 participants
  Very low

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

It is very uncertain whether tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus… changes disease-free survival compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) (very low certainty).

• Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes

  40 to 60 months · Gefitinib + radiotherapy (oral cavity)
  HR 1.51 [0.61, 3.71]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Altered fractionation radiotherapy (hyperfractionated and/or accelerated) vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy

Altered fractionation radiotherapy (hyperfractionated and/or… showed no clear difference in disease free survival compared with conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
  HR 0.85 [0.70, 1.03]
  8 studies
  GRADE not reported
• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Hyperfractionated/accelerated vs conventional, disease free survival: one trial (Poulsen 2001); no statistically significant difference (Analysis 1.3). No pooled estimate.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Neutron radiotherapy vs Conventional photon radiotherapy

Neutron radiotherapy showed no clear difference in disease free survival compared with conventional photon radiotherapy; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  5 years
  RR 0.63 [0.36, 1.09]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Accelerated radiotherapy with concomitant boost vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Accelerated/boost vs conventional, disease free survival: all four trials provided data; pooled estimate showed a statistically significant difference in favour of the accelerated/boost schedule, with statistical…
  4 studies · 1203 participants
  GRADE not reported

Pre-operative and post-operative radiotherapy vs Post-operative radiotherapy alone

Pre-operative and post-operative radiotherapy showed no clear difference in disease free survival compared with post-operative radiotherapy alone; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
  HR 1.13 [0.78, 1.64]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Split‐course radiotherapy (8 fractions, 30 Gy) vs Accelerated radiotherapy

Split-course radiotherapy showed no clear difference in disease free survival compared with accelerated radiotherapy; GRADE not reported.

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes

  2 years
  RR 0.83 [0.29, 2.42]
  1 study · 110 participants
  GRADE not reported

Hyperfractionated radiotherapy vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Hyperfractionated vs conventional, disease free survival: data available for one trial (Fu 2000); no statistically significant difference (Analysis 1.3). No pooled estimate reported.
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Hyperfractionated/accelerated/split-course radiotherapy vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Hyperfractionated/accelerated/split vs conventional, disease free survival: two trials (Fu 2000, Olmi 2003); results contradictory with substantial statistical heterogeneity (P = 0.02, I2 = 82%); no pooled estimate…
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Accelerated radiotherapy (no split, boost or hyperfractionation) vs Conventional (standard) fractionation radiotherapy

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Accelerated vs conventional, disease free survival: both trials reported this, but substantial clinical and statistical heterogeneity (P = 0.0004, I2 = 92%) meant a pooled analysis was not reported (Analysis 1.3).
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Hyperfractionated/accelerated split-course radiotherapy vs Accelerated radiotherapy with concomitant boost

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy 2010 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Fu 1995: no significant difference in disease free survival; data not presented in a way that allows calculation of an HR.
  1 study · 75 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chemotherapy regimen A (+/- locoregional treatment) vs Chemotherapy regimen B (+/- locoregional treatment)

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Induction cisplatin+5-FU+docetaxel vs cisplatin+5-FU: disease-free survival HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.91, P = 0.006; Vermorken 2007). Prior to concurrent chemoradiation: Posner 2007 HR 0.71 (0.56 to 0.90, P = 0.005).…
  2 studies
  GRADE not reported

Superselective neck dissection vs Elective selective neck dissection

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes

  36 months
  Disease-free survival: Pandey 2018 reported 83% (superselective) vs 91% (selective) at median 36 months, not significant (P=0.69); unable to analyse (variable follow-up); 32 participants (1 RCT).
  1 study · 32 participants
  Very low

Surgery vs Radiotherapy alone

Surgery showed no clear difference in disease-free survival (new disease, progression, and mortality) compared with radiotherapy alone (low certainty).

• Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes

  3 years
  HR 1.07 [0.27, 4.22]
  1 study · 68 participants
  Low