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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

5 questions · 5 findings · 3 reviews · Urology

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No studies found 1 · 20%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 4 · 80%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy

Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors may leads to lower discontinuation due to adverse events Range of compared with any second‐line chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy

Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors showed no clear difference in discontinuation due to adverse events Range of compared with any first‐line chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravesically administered BCG alternating with IFN‐α vs intravesically administered BCG alone

Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · patients with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer

Intravesically administered BCG alternating with IFN‐α showed no clear difference in discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events compared with intravesically administered BCG alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravesically administered BCG combined with IFN‐α vs intravesically administered BCG alone

Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events ‐ not measured · patients with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review