What do systematic reviews say?

Diet vs physical activity or standard treatment

• Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 530 participants
  Very low

Low glycaemic index (GI) or glycaemic load (GL) diets vs higher GI or GL diets

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for people with overweight or obesity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Low glycaemic index (GI) or glycaemic load (GL) diets vs any other diet

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Low glycaemic index or low glycaemic load diets for people with overweight or obesity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether diet plus physical activity changes all‐cause mortality compared with standard treatment (very low certainty).

• Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.5, 2.5]
  10 studies · 4099 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table for metformin plus intensive diet and exercise vs intensive diet and exercise

• Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 450 participants
  Very low

Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake vs comparators

Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with comparators (moderate certainty).

• Supportive interventions for enhancing dietary intake in malnourished or nutritionally at‐risk adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.78 [0.66, 0.92]
  12 studies · 6683 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at increased… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Modified dietary fat intake for treatment of gallstone disease in people of any age 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Physical activity vs usual care

• Diet, physical activity or both for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 397 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese children from the age… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Diet, physical activity and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obese adolescents aged 12 to… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obesity in preschool… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Diet, physical activity, and behavioural interventions for the treatment of overweight or obesity in preschool… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes all‐cause mortality (11.1 y) (very low certainty).

• Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1 [0.99, 1.01]
  159265 participants
  Very low