Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

20 questions · 20 findings · 6 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 11 · 55%GRADE not reported 1 · 5%Very low 4 · 20%Low 3 · 15%Moderate 1 · 5%High 0 · 0%

Summary of findings table ‐ Bladder training vs anticholinergics

Number of any adverse events: immediately after treatment · overactive bladder

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Bladder training changes number of any adverse events: immediately after treatment compared with anticholinergics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery
1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to continence pessary vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding or Spotting · pelvic organ prolapse in women

Pessary plus PFMT showed no clear difference in number of women with adverse events ‐ abnormal vaginal bleeding compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to continence pessary vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Number of women with adverse events ‐ de novo voiding difficulty · pelvic organ prolapse in women

Pessary plus PFMT showed no clear difference in number of women with adverse events ‐ de novo voiding difficulty compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to drug therapy vs drug therapy alone

Number of women reporting adverse events ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether PFMT added to drug therapy changes number of women reporting adverse events compared with drug therapy alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review