Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

23 questions · 23 findings · 5 reviews · Incontinence

No studies found 11 · 47.8%GRADE not reported 5 · 21.7%Very low 4 · 17.4%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 3 · 13%High 0 · 0%

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Repeat midurethral tape (any type) vs any other non‐tape surgical treatment (e.g. traditional sling, colposuspension, injectables)

Adverse events · women with recurrent stress urinary incontinence after failed minimally invasive midurethral tape surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Alarm vs desmopressin

Proportion of children with adverse events · children with nocturnal enuresis

Alarm probably leads to lower proportion of children with adverse events compared with desmopressin (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Alarm vs other types of alarm

Proportion of children with adverse events ‐ code‐word alarm versus control alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis

Alarm showed no clear difference in proportion of children with adverse events ‐ code‐word alarm versus… compared with other types of alarm (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review