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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

68 questions · 69 findings · 22 reviews

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No studies found 12 · 17.4%GRADE not reported 15 · 21.7%Very low 29 · 42%Low 12 · 17.4%Moderate 1 · 1.4%High 0 · 0%

Probiotics vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · children with chronic constipation without a physical explanation

Probiotic showed no clear difference in withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse events ‐ Overt hepatic encephalopathy ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy

The intervention may leads to lower adverse events ‐ Overt hepatic encephalopathy ( (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse events ‐ Overt hepatic encephalopathy ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events ‐ Overt hepatic encephalopathy ( (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotic + 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine) vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine)

Withdrawals due to adverse events · Patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis

It is very uncertain whether probiotic + 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine) changes withdrawal due to adverse events (12 to 52 weeks) compared with 5‐ASA (mesalazine) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse events ‐ Change of/or withdrawal from treatment ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events ‐ Change of/or withdrawal from treatment ( (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Adverse events ‐ Change of/or withdrawal from treatment ( · people with hepatic encephalopathy

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes adverse events ‐ Change of/or withdrawal from treatment ( (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Secondary outcome 6: adverse events (gastrointestinal symptoms) during active treatment Duration of · male and female patients 0 to 55 years of age with physician‐diagnosed eczema

The intervention showed no clear difference in secondary outcome 6: adverse events (gastrointestinal symptoms)… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review