What do systematic reviews say?

Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to seven months vs three months

Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: five to… showed no clear difference in adverse events: hypertension compared with three months (moderate certainty).

• Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.71, 1.74]
  6 studies · 752 participants
  Moderate

Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or more vs 2 months of therapy

Steroid therapy in first episode of nephrotic syndrome: 3 months or… showed no clear difference in adverse events: hypertension compared with 2 months of therapy (moderate certainty).

• Corticosteroid therapy for nephrotic syndrome in children 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.78 [0.55, 5.73]
  7 studies · 548 participants
  Moderate

IV cyclophosphamide vs IV dexamethasone and oral cyclophosphamide

IV cyclophosphamide may leads to lower adverse events: hypertension compared with oral cyclophosphamide plus IV dexamethasone (low certainty).

• Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.04 [0, 0.68]
  1 study · 49 participants
  Low

Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) vs standard dose CNI

Low dose calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) showed no clear difference in adverse events: hypertension compared with to standard dose CNI (low certainty).

• Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.7, 1]
  5 studies · 1877 participants
  Low

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal + mammalian target of… showed no clear difference in adverse events: hypertension compared with standard dose CNI (low certainty).

• Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.86 [0.64, 1.15]
  7 studies · 2207 participants
  Low

Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) vs standard dose CNI

Low dose CNI calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) + mammalian target of… showed no clear difference in adverse events: hypertension compared with standard dose CNI (low certainty).

• Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.8, 1.2]
  5 studies · 1421 participants
  Low

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal vs standard dose CNI

Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawal may leads to lower adverse events: hypertension compared with standard dose CNI (low certainty).

• Calcineurin inhibitor withdrawal or tapering for kidney transplant recipients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.71, 0.95]
  950 participants
  Low

Epoetin alfa every four weeks vs with every two weeks

Epoetin alfa every four weeks showed no clear difference in adverse events: hypertension compared with with every two weeks (moderate certainty).

• Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.62, 1.69]
  3 studies · 724 participants
  Moderate

Epoetin theta vs epoetin beta

Epoetin theta showed no clear difference in adverse events: hypertension compared with epoetin beta (moderate certainty).

• Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35 [0.11, 1.08]
  1 study · 288 participants
  Moderate

Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks vs to weekly

Epoetin alpha every 2 weeks showed no clear difference in adverse events: hypertension compared with to weekly (moderate certainty).

• Short‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for anaemia in predialysis patients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.55, 1.32]
  4 studies · 838 participants
  Moderate

Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin

• Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 58 participants
  Low

Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment

It is very uncertain whether cyclosporin changes adverse events: worsening of hypertension compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

• Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.17, 5.98]
  1 study · 24 participants
  Very low

Oral cyclophosphamide vs prednisone or placebo

It is very uncertain whether oral cyclophosphamide changes adverse events: hypertension with seizures compared with prednisone or placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.05, 10.89]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone

Cyclosporin showed no clear difference in adverse events (weeks 0 to 26): hypertension compared with mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone (low certainty).

• Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.68 [0.66, 4.29]
  1 study · 138 participants
  Low

CERA vs other ESA

CERA showed no clear difference in numbers of adverse events due to hypertension: CERA every 2 weeks… compared with other ESA (high certainty).

• Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease in… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.26]
  4 studies · 1341 participants
  High