What do systematic reviews say?

Vitamin E vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether vitamin E changes adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 participants
  Very low

Vitamin C vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Vitamin E vs placebo

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Low

Multivitamin vs placebo

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Moderate

Vitamin A and fish oils (docosahexaenoic acid) vs placebo, vitamins, or no treatment

• Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 944 participants
  Very low

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement may leads to lower adverse effects compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.87
  0 participants
  Low

Lutein with or without zeaxanthin vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether lutein with or without zeaxanthin changes adverse effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.06
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Zinc vs placebo

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for slowing the progression of age‐related macular degeneration 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  286 participants
  Very low

Beta‐carotene vs placebo

• Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  High