What do systematic reviews say?

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation may leads to lower adverse effects ‐ ES versus oxybutynin compared with drug therapy (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.11 [0.01, 0.84]
  2 studies · 79 participants
  Low

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors vs cognitive behavioural therapy

• Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin A and fish oils (docosahexaenoic acid) vs placebo, vitamins, or no treatment

• Vitamin A and fish oils for preventing the progression of retinitis pigmentosa 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 944 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation probably leads to lower adverse effects ‐ ES versus tolterodine compared with drug therapy (moderate certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.12 [0.05, 0.27]
  4 studies · 200 participants
  Moderate

Sulthiame vs levetiracetam

Sulthiame showed no clear difference in adverse effects (cardiac) compared with levetiracetam (low certainty).

• Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.87 [0.12, 66.75]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Low

Sulthiame vs levetiracetam

Sulthiame may leads to higher adverse effects (airways) compared with levetiracetam (low certainty).

• Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.67 [1.17, 6.12]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Low

Rufinamide vs placebo

Rufinamide may leads to higher adverse effects: diplopia compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.6 [2.53, 8.38]
  3 studies · 1295 participants
  Low

Rufinamide vs placebo

Rufinamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: headache compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.36 [1.08, 1.69]
  3 studies · 1228 participants
  Moderate

Rufinamide vs placebo

Rufinamide may leads to higher adverse effects: vomiting compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.95 [1.8, 4.82]
  4 studies · 777 participants
  Low

Rufinamide vs placebo

Rufinamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: dizziness compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.52 [1.9, 3.34]
  3 studies · 1295 participants
  Moderate

Topical antifungal vs placebo/no treatment

It is very uncertain whether topical antifungal changes adverse effects ‐ headache compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

• Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.26 [0.6, 2.63]
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Sulthiame vs levetiracetam

Sulthiame showed no clear difference in adverse effects (behaviour) compared with levetiracetam (low certainty).

• Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.59, 1.55]
  1 study · 43 participants
  Low

Rufinamide vs placebo

Rufinamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: somnolence compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Rufinamide add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant epilepsy 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.94 [1.44, 2.61]
  6 studies · 1759 participants
  Moderate

Sulthiame add‐on vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether sulthiame add‐on changes adverse effects: somnolence compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Sulthiame add‐on therapy for epilepsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.4 [0.42, 27.59]
  1 study · 37 participants
  Very low

Topical antifungal vs placebo/no treatment

Topical antifungal showed no clear difference in adverse effects ‐ epistaxis compared with placebo/no treatment (low certainty).

• Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.14, 6.63]
  Studies not reported
  Low

Stiripentol vs add‐on placebo

Add‐on stiripentol showed no clear difference in neurological adverse effects compared with add‐on placebo (low certainty).

• Stiripentol add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.65 [0.88, 8.01]
  1 study · 32 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes adverse effects ‐ ES versus solifenacin succinate compared with drug therapy (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.6]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Continuous platinum infusion vs bolus platinum infusion

Continuous platinum infusion showed no clear difference in adverse effects: toxic death (no definition provided) compared with bolus platinum infusion (low certainty).

• Different infusion durations for preventing platinum‐induced hearing loss in children with cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.07, 17.31]
  1 study · 91 participants
  Low

Topiramate vs placebo

Topiramate probably leads to higher adverse effects ‐ paraesthesia compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Topiramate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.65 [1.58, 8.39]
  7 studies · 1071 participants
  Moderate

Stiripentol vs add‐on placebo

• Stiripentol add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 32 participants
  GRADE not reported