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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

12 questions · 14 findings · 5 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1 · 7.1%GRADE not reported 2 · 14.3%Very low 4 · 28.6%Low 3 · 21.4%Moderate 3 · 21.4%High 1 · 7.1%

Intranasal steroid spray vs placebo

Adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects · children aged 6 months to 12 years with otitis media with effusion (OME)

It is very uncertain whether topical (intranasal) steroids changes adverse event: systemic corticosteroid side effects compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: oral steroids plus antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

Adverse effects [2 weeks to 6 months] · Children with otitis media with effusion

Summary of findings: oral steroids plus antibiotic showed no clear difference in adverse effects [2 weeks to 6 months] compared with control plus antibiotic (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Azoles vs moderate‐potent corticosteroid/azole combinations

Adverse effects Reported by investigators 'and' or 'or' participants · patients with tinea cruris and tinea corporis

It is very uncertain whether azoles changes adverse effects Reported by investigators 'and' or 'or' participants compared with moderate‐potent corticosteroid/azole combinations (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Tacrolimus 0.1% vs corticosteroids

Adverse effects ‐ burning · people with atopic dermatitis

Tacrolimus 0.1% probably leads to higher adverse effects: burning ‐ tacrolimus 0.1% versus hydrocortisone… compared with corticosteroids (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review