Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

8 questions · 33 findings · 4 reviews · Oral medicine and oral cancer

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 32 · 97%Very low 0 · 0%Low 1 · 3%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Topical triamcinolone acetonide vs pimecrolimus 1%

Adverse effects · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

Topical triamcinolone acetonide showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with topical pimecrolimus; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
end of treatment
RR 0.21 [0.01, 4.10]
1 study · 35 participants
GRADE not reported

Topical triamcinolone acetonide vs Topical tacrolimus

Adverse effects · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

Topical triamcinolone acetonide may leads to lower adverse effects compared with topical tacrolimus (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
3-8 weeks
RR 0.47 [0.22, 0.99]
2 studies · 58 participants
Low

Topical triamcinolone acetonide vs Topical ciclosporin

Adverse effects · People with symptomatic, biopsy-confirmed oral lichen planus (OLP); not concurrently receiving other OLP treatment

Topical triamcinolone acetonide led to lower adverse effects compared with topical ciclosporin; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral lichen planus: corticosteroid therapies 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
end of treatment
RR 0.15 [0.05, 0.49]
1 study · 139 participants
GRADE not reported

Vasodilator vs Placebo or no active treatment

Adverse effects · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes
Adverse effects (any): 0 placebo vs 14 minor (transient flushing and upper trunk warmness); 85 (2); no GRADE rating.
2 studies · 85 participants
GRADE not reported

Vitamin A or retinoids (systemic or topical; incl. 13-cis-retinoic acid, acitretin) vs placebo or no treatment

Safety of the intervention (adverse effects) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 to 12 months
SoF 1, Safety of the intervention at 4 to 12 months: '3 studies (1 each evaluating topical acitretin, topical 13-cis-retinoic acid, 200,000 IU per week of vitamin A) found no adverse effects. Systemic 13-cis-retinoic…
4 studies
GRADE not reported

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell wall preparation) plus standard therapy vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Non-specific immunotherapy (recombinant interleukin-2 or BCG cell… showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone; GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Moderate to severe chills (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 11.00 [0.67, 179.29]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Nausea/vomiting (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 3.40 [0.15, 77.34]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Stomatitis (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 1.47 [0.75, 2.90]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 6 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Leukopenia (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 0.57 [0.22, 1.50]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Increased temperature (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 0.67 [0.13, 3.30]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Leukopenia (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 0.38 [0.04, 3.26]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Nausea/vomiting (rIL-2, all grades)
RR 1.24 [0.90, 1.70]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Stomatitis (rIL-2, grades >=3)
RR 1.71 [0.33, 8.83]
1 study · 30 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (BCG-CWP, all grades)
RR 5.00 [0.27, 94.34]
1 study · 24 participants
GRADE not reported

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (erlotinib, gefitinib or lapatinib) plus… led to higher adverse effects compared with standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy); GRADE not reported.

9 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (lapatinib, all grades)
RR 2.02 [1.23, 3.32]
1 study · 67 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (gefitinib, all grades)
RR 1.04 [0.98, 1.11]
1 study · 226 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (lapatinib, all grades)
RR 15.53 [2.18, 110.55]
1 study · 67 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 6 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (erlotinib, all grades)
RR 6.57 [3.60, 12.00]
1 study · 191 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Mucositis (grades >=3)
RR 1.22 [0.96, 1.56]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Mucositis (all grades)
RR 1.03 [0.94, 1.11]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (gefitinib, all grades)
RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.28]
2 studies · 286 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Gastrointestinal complaints (grades >=3, pooled)
RR 1.11 [0.83, 1.49]
3 studies · 484 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
40 to 60 months · Skin toxicity (grades >=3, pooled)
RR 1.25 [0.54, 2.88]
4 studies · 544 participants
GRADE not reported

EGFR monoclonal antibody (cetuximab or nimotuzumab) plus standard therapy (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy) vs Standard therapy alone (radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy)

Adverse effects · People with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx

10 findings from 1 review

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Mucositis (all grades)
Mucositis all grades: not estimable due to high heterogeneity (P=0.0009; I2=86%) between subgroups (cetuximab; nimotuzumab) and within cetuximab (I2=93%); 1417 participants, 3 studies. Table 3, row 1.6 (Ang 2014;…
3 studies · 1417 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (cetuximab, all grades)
RR 6.56 [5.35, 8.03]
2 studies · 1311 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Xerostomia (grades >=3)
RR 1.36 [0.80, 2.31]
2 studies · 1311 participants
GRADE not reported

Show 7 more findings

Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, grades >=3)
RR 0.20 [0.01, 4.05]
1 study · 92 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (nimotuzumab, all grades)
RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.31]
1 study · 92 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Dysphagia (all grades)
RR 0.97 [0.92, 1.03]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Skin toxicity/acneiform rash (cetuximab, grades >=3)
RR 17.72 [8.33, 37.73]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Dysphagia (grades >=3)
RR 0.93 [0.83, 1.04]
3 studies · 1403 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Mucositis (grades >=3)
RR 1.20 [0.96, 1.51]
4 studies · 1495 participants
GRADE not reported
Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy 2015 · Cochrane All outcomes
24 to 70 months · Xerostomia (all grades)
RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.04]
3 studies · 1417 participants
GRADE not reported