Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

19 questions · 19 findings · 5 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 6 · 31.6%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 13 · 68.4%High 0 · 0%

STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES

Adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side effects (2‐10 weeks) vs. high dose (> 15‐35 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) changes adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side… compared with OTHER DOSES (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) probably leads to higher adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ when compared with low dose… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES

Adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side effects (2‐10 weeks) vs. standard higher dose (> 7.5‐15 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) changes adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side… compared with OTHER DOSES (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus low dose (greater than or… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

HIGH DOSE (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) probably leads to higher adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ when compared with… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus standard‐lower dose… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS:… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS:… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ dystonia ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) probably leads to higher adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia

STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) probably leads to higher adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS:… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term)

Adverse effects: unspecified extrapyramidal symptoms · schizophrenia

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: unspecified extrapyramidal symptoms compared with HIGH DOSE (> 800 mg/day ‐ all medium term) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) vs MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day)

Adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term (up to 6 months) · patients with schizophrenia

CHLORPROMAZINE LOW DOSE (≤ 400 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: extrapyramidal symptoms (unspecified extrapyramidal… compared with MEDIUM DOSE (401 mg/day to 800 mg/day) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY

Adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia

It is very uncertain whether INTERMITTENT (DRUG HOLIDAY) changes adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+ 26 weeks) as… compared with MAINTENANCE THERAPY (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: j. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE

Tremor · patients with psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: specific ‐ tremor by 7 days compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: k. ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia

STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus high dose (greater than… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term

Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia

LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) probably leads to lower adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS:… compared with ANY DOSE ‐ short term (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE

Adverse effects: Specific ‐ dystonia between 0‐3 days (IM phase) · patients to psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: Specific ‐ dystonia between 0‐3 days (IM phase) compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HALOPERIDOL vs OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE

Adverse effects: Specific ‐ rigidity between 0‐3 days (IM phase) · patients to psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether HALOPERIDOL changes adverse effects: Specific ‐ rigidity between 0‐3 days (IM phase) compared with OTHER ANTIPSYCHOTIC: d. LOXAPINE (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review