What do systematic reviews say?

Sensory threshold electrical stimulation (ES) vs motor threshold ES

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs Placebo / sham solution

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with placebo or sham treatment (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [0.84, 1.83]
  3 studies · 450 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation (ES) once a week vs ES three times a week

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 35 participants
  Very low

Antioxidants (lycopene, curcumin, Oxitard) vs Placebo or no active treatment

• Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects (any): 0 in placebo vs 2 minor (flatulence and bloating); 90 (1); no GRADE rating given.
  1 study · 90 participants
  GRADE not reported

Vasodilator vs Placebo or no active treatment

• Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects (any): 0 placebo vs 14 minor (transient flushing and upper trunk warmness); 85 (2); no GRADE rating.
  2 studies · 85 participants
  GRADE not reported

SPLINT vs No active treatment (control)

SPLINT showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with NO ACTIVE TREATMENT (low certainty).

• Splinting for carpal tunnel syndrome 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 15 [0.89, 254.13]
  1 study · 80 participants
  Low

Oral azithromycin vs control

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 3069 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral azithromycin vs topical tetracycline

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 6002 participants
  GRADE not reported

Antibiotics vs control

Antibiotic may leads to lower adverse effects compared with control (low certainty).

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 1961 participants
  Low

Oral vs topical antibiotics

• Antibiotics for trachoma 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 1583 participants
  Low

Timer watch plus standard urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Voiding education with uroflowmetry and feedback vs anticholinergics

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 64 participants
  GRADE not reported

Yoga vs an active intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Yoga for treating urinary incontinence in women 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Rutosides vs an alternative venoactive remedy (hidrosmina)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Rutosides for treatment of post‐thrombotic syndrome 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table: Art therapy vs active control

• Art therapy for people with dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 60 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs No active treatment (control)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes adverse effects compared with no active treatment (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 5.96 [0.3, 118.7]
  3 studies · 103 participants
  Very low

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation may leads to lower adverse effects ‐ ES versus oxybutynin compared with drug therapy (low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.11 [0.01, 0.84]
  2 studies · 79 participants
  Low

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

Electrical stimulation probably leads to lower adverse effects ‐ ES versus tolterodine compared with drug therapy (moderate certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.12 [0.05, 0.27]
  4 studies · 200 participants
  Moderate

Electrical stimulation vs drug therapy

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes adverse effects ‐ ES versus solifenacin succinate compared with drug therapy (very low certainty).

• Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.6]
  1 study · 100 participants
  Very low

Home‐based vs clinic‐based specimen collection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Home‐based versus clinic‐based specimen collection in the management of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found