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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

72 questions · 75 findings · 10 reviews

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No studies found 17 · 22.7%GRADE not reported 5 · 6.7%Very low 33 · 44%Low 10 · 13.3%Moderate 9 · 12%High 1 · 1.3%

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment

Progression to neovascular AMD · people with AMD

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement probably leads to lower progression to neovascular AMD compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment

Progression to geographic atrophy · people with AMD

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement showed no clear difference in progression to geographic atrophy compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement vs placebo or no treatment

Progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) · people with AMD

Antioxidant multivitamin and mineral supplement probably leads to lower progression to visual loss (loss of 3 or more lines on logMAR chart) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Spina bifida · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes spina bifida compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Encephalocoele · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes encephalocoele compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Fatal anencephaly · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes fatal anencephaly compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Folate concentration Serum folate levels, measured between 6 and 12 months after entry to the study · health: non‐randomised studies
1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Anaemia · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Anaemia · health outcomes

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… showed no clear difference in anaemia compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus other vitamins and minerals vs unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing folic acid nor any other vitamins and minerals)

Neural tube defects (All) · health: non‐randomised studies

It is very uncertain whether wheat flour or wheat flour products fortified with folic acid plus… changes neural tube defects (spina bifida, encephalocoele, anencephaly‐fatal… compared with unfortified wheat flours or wheat flour products (not containing… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Magnesium and vitamin E co‐supplementation vs placebo

Ulcer healing · people with diabetes and foot ulcers

It is very uncertain whether magnesium and vitamin E co‐supplementation changes ulcer healing (absolute change in individual parameters of ulcer… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Magnesium and vitamin E co‐supplementation vs placebo

Ulcer healing (absolute change in individual parameters of ulcer dimensions over time: mean (SD) cm wound width reduction · people with diabetes and foot ulcers

It is very uncertain whether magnesium and vitamin E co‐supplementation changes ulcer healing (absolute change in individual parameters of ulcer… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review