What do systematic reviews say?

Lower salt intake vs usual or high salt intake

• Altered dietary salt intake for preventing diabetic kidney disease and its progression 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 108 participants
  Low

Xylitol (low-intensity sweetener/sugar alcohol) in food products (chewing gum, milk, candy, or tablets) vs no intervention

Xylitol significantly reduced Mutans streptococci in dental plaque compared with no treatment (SMD -0.73, 95% CI -1.09 to -0.37; 5 trials, I2=53%; not GRADE-rated).

• Clinical Effects of Sugar Substitutes on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2024 All outcomes

  Post-consumption endpoint (trial durations 2 wk to 6 mo) · All age groups, generally healthy; multiple countries; sugar substitutes delivered as chewing gum, milk, candy, or tablets · Xylitol gum vs no treatment (5 studies, mixed ages)
  SMD -0.73 [-1.09, -0.37]
  5 studies · 308 participants
  GRADE not reported

Primary dental health aide (PDHA) service-delivery models (PDHA program; PDHA + intensive staffing; PDHA + robust prevention) vs Baseline pre-intervention service-delivery scenario

A simulation projected a 50% drop in the Significant Caries index for children (12.3 to 6.1) under the PDHA model (certainty not graded).

• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  20-year projection · Alaska Native communities (simulation of the Alaska Dental Health Aide program) · Children overall
  Significant Caries (SiC) index, children 6.1
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  20-year projection · Alaska Native communities (simulation of the Alaska Dental Health Aide program) · 12-year-olds
  Significant Caries (SiC) index, 12-year-olds 3.3
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Primary dental health aide (PDHA) service-delivery models (PDHA program; PDHA + intensive staffing; PDHA + robust prevention) vs Baseline pre-intervention service-delivery scenario

A simulation projected 0% of children aged 5-18 would be caries-free under the baseline scenario (certainty not graded).

• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  20-year projection · Alaska Native communities (simulation of the Alaska Dental Health Aide program) · Baseline (pre-intervention) model
  Caries-free children 5-18 y (%) 0
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  20-year projection · Alaska Native communities (simulation of the Alaska Dental Health Aide program) · PDHA + robust prevention model
  Caries-free children 5-18 y (%) >50
  1 study
  GRADE not reported
• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  20-year projection · Alaska Native communities (simulation of the Alaska Dental Health Aide program) · PDHA or PDHA + intensive staffing model
  Caries-free children 5-18 y (%) 8
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Primary dental health aide (PDHA) service-delivery models (PDHA program; PDHA + intensive staffing; PDHA + robust prevention) vs Baseline pre-intervention service-delivery scenario

A simulation projected that over 90% of children would receive school-based prevention services under the PDHA model, up from 53% (certainty not graded).

• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  20-year projection · Alaska Native communities (simulation of the Alaska Dental Health Aide program)
  Children receiving school-based prevention services (%) >90
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Primary dental health aide (PDHA) service-delivery models (PDHA program; PDHA + intensive staffing; PDHA + robust prevention) vs Baseline pre-intervention service-delivery scenario

A simulation projected that the PDHA program would raise dental care utilisation from 75% to 90% (certainty not graded).

• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  20-year projection · Alaska Native communities (simulation of the Alaska Dental Health Aide program)
  Projected dental care utilisation (%) 90
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Primary dental health aide (PDHA) service-delivery models (PDHA program; PDHA + intensive staffing; PDHA + robust prevention) vs Baseline pre-intervention service-delivery scenario

A simulation projected mean DMFT in children under 5 would fall from 7.4 to 4.9 under the PDHA model (certainty not graded).

• Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes

  20-year projection · Alaska Native communities (simulation of the Alaska Dental Health Aide program)
  Mean DMFT, children <5 y 4.9
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs usual care

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  Very low

Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment… changes leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.21 [0.73, 1.99]
  3 studies · 134 participants
  Very low

Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found