Subsequent requirement for surgery (re‐operations) for complications Incidence · people with lateral patellar dislocation
It is very uncertain whether surgical changes subsequent requirement for surgery (reoperations) for complicationsa… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Function in the short term · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Function in the long term Measured using AOFAS score (0 to 100, higher scores indicate improved function) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures
1 finding from 1 review
Chronic pain · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures
Surgical may leads to lower chronic pain Measured as number of people experiencing pain compared with non‐surgical management (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of Life: SF‐36 (physical component) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures
1 finding from 1 review
Return to work · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures
Surgical showed no clear difference in return to work compared with non‐surgical management (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Complications requiring unplanned return to theatre Subtalar arthrodesis · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures
Surgical showed no clear difference in complications requiring unplanned return to theatre Subtalar… compared with non‐surgical management (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Complications not requiring unplanned return to theatre Superficial infection (affecting only participants who had surgical treatment) · people aged over 14 years with displaced intra‐articular calcaneal fractures
1 finding from 1 review
Functional outcomes · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials)
Surgical showed no clear difference in functional scoresf(higher = better outcome) compared with non‐surgical treatment (high certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
SMD 0.06
5 studies · 423 participants
High
SMD 0.1
7 studies · 552 participants
High
SMD 0.17
3 studies · 347 participants
Moderate
Quality of life: EQ‐5D (0: dead to 1: best quality of life) · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials)
Surgical showed no clear difference in quality of life: EQ‐5D (0: dead to 1: best quality of life) compared with non‐surgical treatment (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials)
Surgical showed no clear difference in mortality compared with non‐surgical treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Reoperation · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials)
Surgical may leads to higher additional surgery (reoperation or secondary surgery) compared with non‐surgical treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events / complications ‐ Number of participants with complications · (mainly older) adults with most types of displaced proximal humeral fracturesa (10 trials)
Surgical showed no clear difference in adverse events / complications ‐ Number of participants with… compared with non‐surgical treatment (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Bleeding, as measured by: amount of blood loss; complete cessation of bleeding as assessed clinically by the investigator; time required for the control of bleeding · People of any age and either gender with post-extraction bleeding, regardless of type of teeth (anterior or posterior, mandibular or…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Discomfort associated with the procedure · People of any age and either gender with post-extraction bleeding, regardless of type of teeth (anterior or posterior, mandibular or…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events · People of any age and either gender with post-extraction bleeding, regardless of type of teeth (anterior or posterior, mandibular or…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Costs: direct cost of treatment · People of any age and either gender with post-extraction bleeding, regardless of type of teeth (anterior or posterior, mandibular or…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Cosmetic deformity measured as presence of cubitus varus · children with displaced fractures
It is very uncertain whether surgical fixation changes cosmetic deformity measured as presence of cubitus varus compared with non‐surgical immobilisation (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 0.2 [0.04, 1.09]
Studies not reported
Very low
Functional outcomes · children with displaced fractures
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Nerve injury · children with displaced fractures
It is very uncertain whether surgical fixation changes nerve injury compared with non‐surgical immobilisation (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
RR 2.5 [0.5, 12.46]
Studies not reported
Very low