Evidence Gaps

What do systematic reviews say?

1 questions · 2 findings · 1 reviews · Oral Health

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 1 · 50%Low 1 · 50%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Secondary (passive/secondhand) smoking exposure during childhood vs No secondary smoking exposure

Caries prevalence (early childhood caries) · Preschool children aged <=71 months (caries outcome assessed at 3-6 years)

Preschool children exposed to secondary smoking have higher odds of caries prevalence (OR 1.77), but the cross-sectional evidence is very uncertain (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Secondary Smoking and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2025 All outcomes
Caries prevalence at 3-6 years · Population/community; dental examination (no restriction); mostly Asia · Overall
OR 1.77 [1.57, 2.01]
11 studies · 14,794 participants
Very low
Secondary Smoking and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2025 All outcomes
Caries prevalence at 4-6 years · Age- and gender-matched case-control (Turkey, Iraq) · Overall
OR 4.46 [2.08, 9.55]
2 studies · 240 participants
Low