Secondary (passive/secondhand) smoking exposure during childhood vs No secondary smoking exposure
Early childhood caries (ECC) - incidence/risk · Preschool children aged <=71 months (caries outcome assessed at 3-6 years)
Children exposed to secondary smoking from infancy have a higher incidence of early childhood caries by age 3 (RR 1.45; low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
- Secondary Smoking and Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2025 All outcomesCaries incidence by age 3 years (exposure from infancy, 4-18 months) · Population-based birth cohorts (Japan) · OverallRR 1.45 [1.41, 1.49]2 studies · 102,830 participantsLow