Tolerability ‐ total number of adverse events · adults with long‐term physical conditions (18 years or older)
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse effects (drop‐outs due to adverse effects4) · adults with long‐term physical conditions (18 years or older)
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People undergoing orthodontic treatment (any age; 9 to 34 years in included studies)
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Live birth or ongoing pregnancy · Subfertile men and women
1 finding from 1 review
Observed flossing skill · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Plaque · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Self-efficacy beliefs (flossing) · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Stewart 1996: the psychological intervention group demonstrated significantly higher change in self efficacy scores for flossing at post-intervention compared to the other two groups (control and educational). Flossing…
1 study · 117 participants
GRADE not reported
Plaque · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Probing pocket depth (PPD/PD) · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Little 1997: no change in pocket depth; there were no differences between the intervention and control groups in overall change in pocket depth. (Some analyses suggested greater change in the intervention group when…
1 study · 107 participants
GRADE not reported
Gingival bleeding (various bleeding indices) · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Little 1997 reported decreased gingival bleeding in the active intervention group: gingival bleeding present in 9% of the intervention group at baseline and 4% at 4-month follow up, versus 10% of the control group on…
1 study · 107 participants
GRADE not reported
Periodontitis (clinical attachment loss) · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Self-reported flossing · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Stewart 1991: there were no differences between the attention control group and the cognitive behavioural (psychological) intervention group for self reported flossing; it cannot be concluded that the cognitive…
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported
Observed tooth brushing skill · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Little 1997 observed and rated participants on brushing skill; Analysis of Covariance found a significant difference favouring the intervention group (one of four measures on which significant differences were found…
1 study · 107 participants
GRADE not reported
Dental knowledge · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Stewart 1996: for dental knowledge the control group showed no change pre- and post-intervention, whereas the psychological intervention group improved dental knowledge significantly (both intervention groups improved…
1 study · 117 participants
GRADE not reported
Self-reported tooth brushing · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Stewart 1991: for self reported brushing only the comparison of the control group with the cognitive behavioural intervention was significant; the cognitive behavioural (psychological) intervention showed no…
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported
Self-efficacy beliefs (tooth brushing) · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Stewart 1996: the psychological intervention had no discernible effect on self efficacy beliefs concerning tooth brushing; the data on perceived self efficacy for tooth brushing were not analysed due to ceiling effects…
1 study · 117 participants
GRADE not reported
Self-reported flossing · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Self-reported tooth brushing · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Stewart 1991: for self reported brushing only the comparison of the control group with the cognitive behavioural intervention was significant; the cognitive behavioural (psychological) intervention conveyed no…
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported
Plaque · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Stewart 1991: while the educational intervention group and the cognitive behavioural intervention group both showed significant differences compared to the control group in plaque scores, the cognitive behavioural…
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported
Self-reported flossing · Adults (aged 18 or over) diagnosed with periodontal disease (gingivitis or periodontitis)
1 finding from 1 review
Stewart 1991: there were no differences between the educational intervention group and the cognitive behavioural (psychological) intervention group for self reported flossing; improvements in flossing could not be…
1 study · 50 participants
GRADE not reported