What do systematic reviews say?

Probiotics vs placebo

Probiotics showed no clear difference in withdrawal due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.42, 1.72]
  4 studies · 401 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine)

It is very uncertain whether probiotics changes withdrawal due to adverse events compared with 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine) (very low certainty).

• Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.21 [0.01, 4.22]
  1 study · 116 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs placebo

• Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 113 participants
  GRADE not reported

Probiotics vs placebo

• Probiotics for the prevention of Hirschsprung‐associated enterocolitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  GRADE not reported

Probiotics vs magnesium oxide

It is very uncertain whether probiotics changes withdrawals due to adverse events compared with magnesium oxide (very low certainty).

• Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.04]
  2 studies · 77 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine)

It is very uncertain whether probiotics changes withdrawal due to adverse events (52 weeks) compared with 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine) (very low certainty).

• Probiotics for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.46, 2.25]
  1 study · 222 participants
  Very low

Probiotics and osmotic laxative vs osmotic laxative

It is very uncertain whether probiotics and osmotic laxative changes withdrawal due to adverse events compared with osmotic laxative (very low certainty).

• Probiotics for treatment of chronic constipation in children 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.86 [0.12, 68.35]
  3 studies · 268 participants
  Very low

Antibiotics plus probiotics vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether antibiotics plus probiotics changes withdrawals due to adverse events compared with placebo or no intervention (very low certainty).

• Antibiotics for the induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.07, 15.08]
  2 studies · 98 participants
  Very low

Probiotic + 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine) vs 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) (mesalazine)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Probiotics for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found