Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

9 questions · 9 findings · 1 reviews

No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 2 · 22.2%Moderate 4 · 44.4%High 3 · 33.3%

Lung function: FEV1 mL (change from baseline) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
29 studies · 20815 participants
Moderate

Change in FVC · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
17 studies · 22108 participants
High

Change in PEF · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 4245 participants
Low

Change in SGRQ total score · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 7645 participants
Moderate

Exacerbations (number of people experiencing ≥ 1 exacerbations) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to lower number of participants with 1 or more exacerbations compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.73, 0.84]
27 studies · 20382 participants
High

Number experiencing adverse effects · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors may leads to higher number of participants experiencing an adverse event compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.3 [1.22, 1.38]
30 studies · 21310 participants
Low

Diarrhoea · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors leads to higher gastrointestinal adverse effects: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 3.1 [2.74, 3.5]
29 studies · 20623 participants
High

Psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors probably leads to higher psychiatric adverse effects (roflumilast 500 µg) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.13 [1.79, 2.54]
14 studies · 11168 participants
Moderate

All‐cause mortality · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.98 [0.77, 1.24]
27 studies · 19786 participants
Moderate