Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

31 questions · 40 findings · 2 reviews · Neonatal

No studies found 14 · 35%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 19 · 47.5%Low 4 · 10%Moderate 3 · 7.5%High 0 · 0%

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

Pain, assessed using the CRIES pain scale, ranging from 0 to 10, during the procedure— opioids versus facilitated tucking · procedural pain in neonates
2 findings from 1 review

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Pain (PIPP) · procedural pain in neonates
3 findings from 1 review

Opioids vs other analgesics

Episodes of apnea · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of apnea—during the procedure compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs other analgesics

Episodes of apnea—after the procedure · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of apnea—after the procedure compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs other analgesics

Hypotension · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes hypotension compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs other analgesics

Parent satisfaction with care provided in the NICU—not reported · procedural pain in neonates

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Any harms ‐ severe apnea requiring resuscitation · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes any harms ‐ severe apnea requiring resuscitation compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

Episodes of bradycardia · procedural pain in neonates

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes episodes of bradycardia compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review