What do systematic reviews say?

Opioids vs other analgesics

It is very uncertain whether opioids changes hypotension compared with other analgesics (very low certainty).

• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.32, 5.59]
  3 studies · 204 participants
  Very low

Opioids vs no treatment/placebo

• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 88 participants
  Very low

Opioids vs oral sweet solution or non‐pharmacological intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Opioids for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Preventive opioids vs postincision opioids

Preventive opioids showed no clear difference in intraoperative hypotension (yes/no) compared with postincision opioids (low certainty).

• Pre‐emptive and preventive opioids for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.25, 4.73]
  2 studies · 88 participants
  Low

Pre‐emptive opioids vs postincision opioids

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pre‐emptive and preventive opioids for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found