Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

18 questions · 20 findings · 2 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 8 · 40%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 5 · 25%Low 7 · 35%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Music vs control

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · women in labour

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 217 participants
Very low

Music vs control

Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Music vs control

Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Music vs control

Satisfaction with childbirth experience ‐ not reported · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Music vs control

Breastfeeding · women in labour

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Music vs control

Instrumental vaginal birth · women in labour

It is very uncertain whether music changes assisted vaginal birth compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.41 [0.08, 2.05]
1 study · 156 participants
Very low

Music vs control

Caesarean section · women in labour

It is very uncertain whether music changes caesarean section compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.36, 1.7]
2 studies · 216 participants
Very low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain · post‐caesarean pain

2 findings from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 115 participants
Low
Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Anxiety (adverse effect, post‐intervention) · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Vital signs‐ heart hate · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Rescue analgesic requirement (dose ‐ morphine) · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Low

Music plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia

Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Music plus analgesia vs analgesia

Pain · post‐caesarean pain

2 findings from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Low
Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Low

Music plus analgesia vs analgesia

Adverse effects · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Music plus analgesia vs analgesia

Vital signs · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Music plus analgesia vs analgesia

Rescue analgesic requirement (cumulative dose) – Tramadol · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 70 participants
Low

Music plus analgesia vs analgesia

Rescue analgesic requirement (cumulative dose) ‐ Diclofenac · post‐caesarean pain

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 70 participants
Low

Music plus analgesia vs analgesia

Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found