What do systematic reviews say?

Monotherapy vs combination therapy

Monotherapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality; compared with combination therapy (moderate certainty).

• Antibiotics for ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.97 [0.73, 1.3]
  4 studies · 1163 participants
  Moderate

Monotherapy vs combination therapy compared

Monotherapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality—different beta lactam compared with combination therapy compared (low certainty).

• Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam‐aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.01]
  31 studies · 4146 participants
  Low

Monotherapy vs combination therapy compared

Monotherapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality—same beta lactam Survival compared with combination therapy compared (low certainty).

• Beta lactam antibiotic monotherapy versus beta lactam‐aminoglycoside antibiotic combination therapy for sepsis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.73, 1.3]
  13 studies · 1431 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Ranolazine (monotherapy) vs placebo

Ranolazine (monotherapy) showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Ranolazine for stable angina pectoris 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.81, 1.25]
  3 studies · 6249 participants
  Low

Metformin vs insulin

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Metformin vs thiazolidinediones

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2… changes all‐cause mortality compared with thiazolidinediones (very low certainty).

• Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.39]
  5 studies · 4402 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibitors

• Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 1977 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs glucagon like peptide‐1 analogues

• Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 807 participants
  Very low

Metformin vs meglitinides

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Metformin vs sulphonylureas

• Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 3129 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  2.38 [0.54, 10.5]
  4 studies · 1156 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy changes all‐cause mortality (N) compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people at risk… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.38, 1.91]
  3 studies · 866 participants
  Very low