Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

21 questions · 21 findings · 2 reviews

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No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 2 · 9.5%Very low 1 · 4.8%Low 5 · 23.8%Moderate 9 · 42.9%High 4 · 19%

Labour induction vs expectant management

Perinatal mortality · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction leads to lower perinatal death (intrauterine deaths plus neonatal deaths in the… compared with expectant management (infant/child outcomes) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.15, 0.64]
22 studies · 18795 participants
High

Labour induction vs expectant management

Severe perineal tears (3rd degree or higher, as defined by trialists) · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction showed no clear difference in perineal trauma (severe perineal tear) compared with expectant management (maternal outcomes) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04 [0.85, 1.26]
5 studies · 11589 participants
Low

Labour induction vs expectant management

Postpartum haemorrhage · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction showed no clear difference in postpartum haemorrhage compared with expectant management (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.91, 1.15]
9 studies · 12609 participants
Moderate

Labour induction vs expectant management

Any breastfeeding at hospital discharge · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction showed no clear difference in breastfeeding at discharge compared with expectant management (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.96, 1.04]
2 studies · 7487 participants
Moderate

Labour induction vs expectant management

Postnatal depression · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Labour induction vs expectant management

Length of maternal hospital stay (days) · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

It is very uncertain whether labour induction changes length of maternal hospital stay (days) compared with expectant management (maternal outcomes) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.19
7 studies · 4120 participants
Very low

Labour induction vs expectant management

Stillbirth · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction leads to lower stillbirth compared with expectant management (infant/child outcomes) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.3 [0.12, 0.75]
22 studies · 18795 participants
High

Labour induction vs expectant management

Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction leads to lower admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with expectant management (infant/child outcomes) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.8, 0.96]
17 studies · 17826 participants
High

Labour induction vs expectant management

Neonatal encephalopathy · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction showed no clear difference in neonatal encephalopathy compared with expectant management (infant/child outcomes) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.37, 1.31]
2 studies · 8851 participants
Low

Labour induction vs expectant management

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction probably leads to lower apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes compared with expectant management (infant/child outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.73 [0.56, 0.96]
20 studies · 18345 participants
Moderate

Labour induction vs expectant management

Neonatal (birth) trauma · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction showed no clear difference in neonatal (birth) trauma compared with expectant management (infant/child outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.63, 1.49]
5 studies · 13106 participants
Moderate

Labour induction vs expectant management

Neurodevelopment at childhood · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Labour induction vs expectant management

Caesarean section · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction probably leads to lower caesarean section compared with expectant management (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.85, 0.95]
31 studies · 21030 participants
Moderate

Labour induction vs expectant management

Instrumental vaginal birth · pregnant women at or beyond 37 weeks gestation

Labour induction showed no clear difference in operative vaginal birth (forceps or ventouse) compared with expectant management (maternal outcomes) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or beyond 37 weeks' gestation 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.96, 1.1]
22 studies · 18584 participants
Moderate

Labour induction vs expectant management

Caesarean section · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.76, 1.09]
4 studies · 1190 participants
Moderate

Labour induction vs expectant management

Instrumental delivery · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour showed no clear difference in instrumental delivery compared with expectant management (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.65, 1.13]
4 studies · 1190 participants
Low

Labour induction vs expectant management

Shoulder dystocia · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour probably leads to lower shoulder dystocia compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.6 [0.37, 0.98]
4 studies · 1190 participants
Moderate

Labour induction vs expectant management

Brachial plexus injury · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour showed no clear difference in brachial plexus injury compared with expectant management (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.21 [0.01, 4.28]
4 studies · 1190 participants
Low

Labour induction vs expectant management

Fracture · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour leads to lower fracture (any) compared with expectant management (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.2 [0.05, 0.79]
4 studies · 1190 participants
High

Labour induction vs expectant management

Low Apgar score · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour showed no clear difference in low Apgar score (5 minutes) compared with expectant management (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.51 [0.25, 9.02]
2 studies · 858 participants
Low