Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,024 questions · 3,338 findings · 330 reviews

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No studies found 735 · 22%GRADE not reported 282 · 8.4%Very low 962 · 28.8%Low 870 · 26.1%Moderate 384 · 11.5%High 105 · 3.1%

Interactive computer intervention vs usual care

Cost‐effectiveness · adults with overweight or obesity

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interactive computer‐based interventions for weight loss or weight maintenance in overweight or obese people 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Psychological therapies and co‐intervention vs co‐intervention alone

Change in depressive symptoms · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 114 participants
Very low

Summary of findings: one active intervention vs other active intervention

ADL outcome · people with stroke

2 findings from 1 review

Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 186 participants
Low
Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 451 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: one active intervention vs other active intervention

3.1.3 Includes musculoskeletal versus does not include musculoskeletal Independence in ADL scales Immediate outcomes · people with stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 103 participants
Low

Summary of findings: one active intervention vs other active intervention

3.2.1 Includes functional training versus does not include functional training Motor function scales Immediate outcomes · people with stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 188 participants
Low

Summary of findings: one active intervention vs other active intervention

3.2.2 Includes neurophysiological versus does not include neurophysiological Motor function scales Immediate outcomes · people with stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 506 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings: one active intervention vs other active intervention

3.2.3 Includes musculoskeletal versus does not include musculoskeletal Motor function scales Immediate outcomes · people with stroke

1 finding from 1 review

Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 81 participants
Low

Hope-based intervention vs Pain education

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer

Hope-based intervention showed no clear difference in pain intensity compared with pain education; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes
Treatment completion
MD 0.10 [-13.52, 13.72]
1 study · 29 participants
GRADE not reported

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Self-efficacy related to oral health · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based educational interventions significantly improved oral health self-efficacy (SMD 1.49; low certainty), though between-study heterogeneity was very high.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 4 weeks to 12 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 1.49 [0.99, 2.00]
10 studies · 4513 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health attitudes (1-7 scale) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health attitude (SMD 9.32; low certainty); the very large effect warrants cautious interpretation.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up immediately after to 6 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 9.32 [7.08, 11.55]
3 studies · 2370 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health-related quality of life · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health-related quality of life (SMD 7.38; low certainty), with very high heterogeneity.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 0.5 to 12 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 7.38 [5.57, 9.19]
4 studies · 4751 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Mean DMFT (decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions showed no significant effect on DMFT scores (SMD -0.11; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 3 to 12 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -0.11 [-0.27, 0.04]
4 studies · 2556 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Periodontal health status · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved periodontal health (SMD -1.18; moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 2 weeks to 6 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -1.18 [-1.83, -0.53]
4 studies · 3342 participants
Moderate

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health behaviour (1-9 scale) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health behavior (SMD 2.58; low certainty), with very high heterogeneity.

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 0.5 to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 2.58 [2.03, 3.12]
6 studies · 13973 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Oral health knowledge (1-9 scale) · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly improved oral health knowledge (SMD 1.09; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up immediately after to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD 1.09 [0.80, 1.39]
7 studies · 10904 participants
Low

Theory-based oral health education/promotion interventions (HBM, TPB, SCT, HAPA, TTM, PMT, SOC, PRECEDE-PROCEED, MI) vs Control (waitlist, routine/standard oral health education, or minimal intervention)

Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · school‐age children and adolescents

Theory-based interventions significantly reduced dental plaque (SMD -1.92; moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Health promotion theory-based educational interventions for improving oral health in children and adolescents: a… 2025 All outcomes
Post-intervention (follow-up 1 to 24 months, varies by study) · School-based and community settings; multiple countries (predominantly Iran; also Pakistan, Hong Kong, Lithuania, Thailand) · Overall
SMD -1.92 [-2.42, -1.42]
9 studies · 12562 participants
Moderate

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

BMI short‐term (12 weeks from baseline to < 9 months) · children aged 5 to 11 years

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
27 studies · 16066 participants
Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

Body‐mass index (BMI) · children aged 5 to 11 years

2 findings from 1 review

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
21 studies · 17547 participants
Moderate
Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 22098 participants
Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

zBMI short term (12 weeks from baseline to < 9 months) · children aged 5 to 11 years

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
26 studies · 12784 participants
Low

Adverse event outcomes for dietary combined with physical activity interventions vs control

zBMI medium term (9 months to < 15 months) · children aged 5 to 11 years

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
24 studies · 20998 participants
Moderate