Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

164 questions · 166 findings · 13 reviews

No studies found 55 · 33.1%GRADE not reported 22 · 13.3%Very low 47 · 28.3%Low 33 · 19.9%Moderate 9 · 5.4%High 0 · 0%

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes)

Number of women reporting incontinence at 1 year or more after treatment (subjective) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes)

General health status evaluation e.g. Short Form (SF)‐36 ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs electrical stimulation alone (excluding implanted electrodes)

Number of women requiring further treatment such as surgery, drugs, mechanical devices (relapse) ‐ not reported · women with urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence

Electrical stimulation plus PFMT showed no clear difference in cure: number of women with self‐reported continence compared with PFMT (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

PFMT added to electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence

Electrical stimulation plus PFMT showed no clear difference in improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI… compared with PFMT (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation vs control

Activities of daily living · spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other adult‐acquired non‐progressive brain injury

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Electrical stimulation vs control

Neglect outcomes: effects persisting at least 1 month post intervention · spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other adult‐acquired non‐progressive brain injury

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation vs control

Neglect outcomes: immediate effects · spatial neglect or inattention following stroke and other adult‐acquired non‐progressive brain injury

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes neglect outcomes: immediate effects compared with any control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery

Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus surgery changes cure: number of women with self‐reported continence compared with surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation plus surgery vs surgery

Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation plus surgery changes improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI… compared with surgery (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review