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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

72 questions · 90 findings · 8 reviews

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No studies found 4 · 4.4%GRADE not reported 8 · 8.9%Very low 30 · 33.3%Low 28 · 31.1%Moderate 20 · 22.2%High 0 · 0%

CBT vs active control

Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
2 findings from 1 review

CBT vs active control

Functional disability at 3 months ‐ not measured · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
2 findings from 1 review

CBT vs active control

Quality of life (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
2 findings from 1 review

CBT vs TAU

Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30% improvement) (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults

CBT probably leads to higher pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30% improvement) (Higher… compared with TAU (post‐treatment) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT vs TAU

Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults

CBT may leads to higher pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) (Higher… compared with TAU (post‐treatment) (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

CBT vs control

Financial loss from gambling ‐ comparisons at 0 to 3 months post‐treatment Lower scores indicate reduced financial loss from gambling, and thus positive outcomes1 · patients with pathological and problem gambling
1 finding from 1 review

CBT vs control

Frequency of gambling ‐ comparisons at 0 to 3 months post‐treatment Lower scores indicate reduced severity of gambling, and thus positive outcomes1 · patients with pathological and problem gambling
1 finding from 1 review

CBT vs control

Diagnoses of pathological gambling ‐ comparisons at 0 to 3 months post‐treatment Lower scores indicate reduced rates of pathological gambling, and thus positive outcomes1 · patients with pathological and problem gambling

CBT may leads to lower diagnoses of pathological gambling ‐ comparisons at 0 to 3 months… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

CBT vs control

Depression symptoms ‐ comparisons at 0 to 3 months post‐treatment Lower scores indicate reduced depression symptoms, and thus positive outcomes1 · patients with pathological and problem gambling
1 finding from 1 review