Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

75 questions · 112 findings · 2 reviews

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No studies found 23 · 20.5%GRADE not reported 6 · 5.4%Very low 15 · 13.4%Low 9 · 8%Moderate 42 · 37.5%High 17 · 15.2%

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Instrumented gait analysis (kinematics) (not measured) · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Function · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 191 participants
Very low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 199 participants
Very low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 123 participants
Very low

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 272 participants
Very low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 250 participants
Very low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 186 participants
Very low

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Satisfaction (not measured) · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 226 participants
Very low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 258 participants
Very low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 186 participants
Very low

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Adverse events · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 206 participants
Very low

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Gait assessment ‐ not measured · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Satisfaction · children with CP

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 24 participants
Very low

BoNT‐A vs sham

Instrumented gait analysis (peak ankle dorsiflexion in stance) · children with CP

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 19 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Observational gait analysis (improvement) · children with CP

BoNT‐A probably leads to higher observational gait analysis (improvement) compared with placebo or sham (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.66 [1.16, 2.37]
4 studies · 261 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.9 [1.32, 2.74]
3 studies · 248 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Function · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 305 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 327 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 91 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 291 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 150 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Satisfaction · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 41 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 74 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 33 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 156 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 144 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Adverse events · children with CP

BoNT‐A showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo or sham (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [0.87, 1.93]
12 studies · 918 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs sham

Instrumented gait analysis (kinematics) (not measured) · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs sham

Gait assessment ‐ not measured · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Instrumented gait analysis (peak ankle dorsiflexion in stance) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 21 participants
Low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 61 participants
Low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Observational gait analysis · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Function · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 41 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate