Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

31 questions · 32 findings · 2 reviews · Schizophrenia

No studies found 0 · 0%GRADE not reported 12 · 37.5%Very low 9 · 28.1%Low 11 · 34.4%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global state: no improvement ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term As defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: no improvement ‐ + haloperidol ‐ medium term As… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: no improvement ‐ lorazepam + risperidone vs lorazepam… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Global impression ‐ need for additional medication ‐ medium term Number of participants requiring additional medication · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: need for additional medication ‐ + haloperidol ‐… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs same enzodiazepines

Adverse effects: any observed extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ short term (up to 6 months) · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ + haloperidol ‐… compared with same enzodiazepines (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs SAME ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines + antipsychotics changes tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium term ‐ +/vs… compared with same antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs SAME ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Global state: no improvement ‐ medium termAs defined in each study · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in global state: no improvement ‐ +/vs haloperidol ‐ medium term As… compared with same antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs SAME ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Adverse effects/events ‐ extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ medium term Number of instances of extrapyramidal symptoms · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

Benzodiazepines + antipsychotics showed no clear difference in adverse effects/events: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ +/vs haloperidol ‐… compared with same antipsychotics (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs ANTIHISTAMINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS

Tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of participants sedated · psychosis‐induced aggression or agitation

It is very uncertain whether benzodiazepines plus antipsychotics changes tranquillisation or asleep: sedation ‐ medium termNumber of… compared with antihistamines plus antipsychotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review