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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
99 questions in 10 reviews · Fertility Regulation
current versionsNo studies 99 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs sham paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Three‐ to five‐minute wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation vs no wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 10 mL 2% cervical lignocaine gel vs 10 mL cervical KY jelly Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 12 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 3 cm deep paracervical block vs 1.5 cm deep paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation (Cetin 1997) and in the first trimester (Wiebe… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol 1000 mg vs 2 pumps of cervical lidocaine spray Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Venous thromboembolism ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Arterial thromboembolism ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Acute respiratory distress syndrome ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Combined hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin) vs no contraception Arterial thromboembolism ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Combined hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin) vs no contraception Acute respiratory distress syndrome ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Any type of hormonal contraception (estrogen plus progestin or progestin‐only) vs no contraception Mortality ‐ not measured · COVID‐19 positive patients Risk of thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19 who are using hormonal contraception (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Medical abortion administered by nurses vs by doctors Nausea · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Women's dissatisfaction with the procedure · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sublingual misoprostol vs vaginal misoprostol Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone alone vs mifepristone/prostaglandin Nausea · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone alone vs mifepristone/prostaglandin Women's dissatisfaction with the procedure · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone alone vs mifepristone/prostaglandin Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone (600 mg) plus prostaglandin vs mifepristone (200 mg) plus prostaglandin Women's dissatisfaction with the procedure · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral misoprostol alone vs vaginal misoprostol alone Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mifepristone (600 mg) plus prostaglandin vs mifepristone (200 mg) plus prostaglandin Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Misoprostol 800 µg plus mifepristone 200 mg vs misoprostol 400 µg plus mifepristone 200 mg Blood transfusion · women undergoing first trimester abortion Medical methods for first trimester abortion (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids) Interventions versus comparisons Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ulipristal acetate vs placebo Interventions vs comparisons Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mefanamic acid vs Vitex agnus Interventions vs comparisons Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mefanamic acid vs Vitex agnus Menstrual blood loss PBAC score Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Naproxen vs placebo Naproxen vs placebo Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |