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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
15,213 questions in 2,394 reviews
current versionsNo studies 15,213 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Xuezhikang vs pravastatin Cardiovascular events ‐ not reported · patients with hypercholesterolemia Chinese herbal medicines for hypercholesterolemia (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Xuezhikang vs pravastatin Death from any cause ‐ not reported · patients with hypercholesterolemia Chinese herbal medicines for hypercholesterolemia (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Number of participants with progression at 12 months3 ‐ not reported · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Statins plus beta interferon vs beta interferon Number of participants with new T2 or GELs at 24 months3 ‐ not reported · multiple sclerosis Statins for multiple sclerosis (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Flossing plus toothbrushing (self-performed; manual or automated floss) vs Toothbrushing alone (with or without a negative-control/placebo rinse) Calculus · Dentate adults aged 16 years or older (excluding orthodontic patients and those with severe periodontal disease) Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (2011) · Cochrane | Not estimable (0 studies). See comment: No included study assessed calculus as an outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Flossing plus toothbrushing (self-performed; manual or automated floss) vs Toothbrushing alone (with or without a negative-control/placebo rinse) Quality of life · Dentate adults aged 16 years or older (excluding orthodontic patients and those with severe periodontal disease) Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults (2011) · Cochrane | Not estimable (0 studies). See comment: No included study assessed quality of life as an outcome. | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antifungal intervention for the treatment of oral candidiasis vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention Days stay in hospital · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported: relief of pain, relief of dysphagia, incidence of systemic infection, amount of analgesia, days stay in hospital, cost of oral care, patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Patient quality of life · Adults aged 18 years or older with clinically diagnosed TMD (exhibiting two or more of the listed signs and/or symptoms) · At least 6 months after the intervention Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Hypnosis vs Inhalation sedation with nitrous oxide and oxygen Completion of treatment (yes/no) · Children aged 10 to 16 years undergoing orthodontic extractions (Braithwaite 2005) Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | Completion of treatment (yes/no) was a protocol-planned primary outcome but was not reported by the included study for this comparison (Braithwaite 2005); one participant in the sedation arm was withdrawn during… | NR | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Adverse effects on oral health · Adults aged 18 years or older with clinically diagnosed TMD (exhibiting two or more of the listed signs and/or symptoms) · At least 6 months after the intervention Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antifungal intervention for the treatment of oral candidiasis vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention Cost of oral care · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported: relief of pain, relief of dysphagia, incidence of systemic infection, amount of analgesia, days stay in hospital, cost of oral care, patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Intervention programmes - referral to specialist agencies for support in relation to domestic violence vs No intervention programme Severity of injury by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and… | 0 studies | No studies |
Intervention programmes - referral to specialist agencies for support in relation to domestic violence vs No intervention programme Frequency of physical assault by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and… | 0 studies | No studies |
Screening for domestic violence vs Different screening tool Proportion of victims of domestic violence detected by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and… | 0 studies | No studies |
Hypnosis vs No hypnosis (no hypnotic intervention) Completion of treatment (yes/no) · Children and adolescents up to 16 years of age undergoing dental treatment Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | Completion of treatment was a protocol-planned primary outcome but was not reported as an outcome by any of the three included studies; statistical analysis and meta-analysis were not possible due to the insufficient… | NR | No studies |
Any antifungal intervention for the treatment of oral candidiasis vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention Amount of analgesia · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported: relief of pain, relief of dysphagia, incidence of systemic infection, amount of analgesia, days stay in hospital, cost of oral care, patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Partially absorbed antifungal drug (e.g., clotrimazole, miconazole) vs Drug not absorbed from GI tract (e.g., nystatin, amphotericin B) Outcome NR · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | There were no trials comparing partially absorbed drugs with either absorbed drugs or drugs not absorbed. | 0 studies | No studies |
Any antifungal intervention for the treatment of oral candidiasis vs Placebo, no treatment, or another active antifungal intervention Incidence of systemic infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis Interventions for treating oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2010) · Cochrane | None of the studies reported: relief of pain, relief of dysphagia, incidence of systemic infection, amount of analgesia, days stay in hospital, cost of oral care, patient quality of life. | 0 studies | No studies |
Intervention programmes - referral to specialist agencies for support in relation to domestic violence vs Different intervention programme Frequency of physical assault by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and… | 0 studies | No studies |
Intervention programmes - referral to specialist agencies for support in relation to domestic violence vs Different intervention programme Severity of injury by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and… | 0 studies | No studies |
Orthodontic treatment with appliances inducing stable, permanent orthodontic tooth movement (splints worn 8 to 12 weeks and surgical interventions excluded) vs Control: no treatment, placebo, or reassurance Limitation of movement · Adults aged 18 years or older with clinically diagnosed TMD (exhibiting two or more of the listed signs and/or symptoms) · At least 6 months after the intervention Orthodontics for treating temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Ionic powered toothbrush vs Powered toothbrush with a different mode of action Outcome NR · People of any age with no reported disability affecting their ability to practise normal self-toothbrushing;… Different powered toothbrushes for plaque control and gingival health (2010) · Cochrane | Ionic: no included trials investigated this brush type (Table 3, 'Interventions used in included trials'). | NR | No studies |
Open reduction and fixation vs Closed (conservative) management (no active intervention other than soft diet, analgesics or antibiotics; or intermaxillary/maxillary-mandibular fixation with rigid or elastic traction) Outcome NR · Adults, over 18 years of age, with unilateral or bilateral fractures of the mandibular condyles Interventions for the treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies | No studies |
Screening for domestic violence vs No screening Proportion of victims of domestic violence detected by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane | No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and… | 0 studies | No studies |
Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) vs Conventional or other radiotherapy Outcome NR · People with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (ICD-O C01-C06) or oropharynx (ICD-O C09-C10); head and… Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy (2010) · Cochrane | Discussion: 'There are currently no trials of IMRT in this systematic review' (the PARSPORT trial was underway, expected 2013). No eligible trials of intensity modulated radiotherapy identified. | 0 studies | No studies |
Hypnosis vs No hypnosis (no hypnotic intervention) Difference in post-operative anxiety between test and control groups · Children and adolescents up to 16 years of age undergoing dental treatment Hypnosis for children undergoing dental treatment (2010) · Cochrane | Difference in post-operative anxiety was a protocol-planned outcome but was not measured or reported by any included study (no post-operative anxiety scale was reported). | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events · Patients with knee osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Side effects of acupuncture‐Bruising and bleeding at injection site · Patients with knee osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adverse events · Patients with peripheral joint osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Side effects of acupuncture‐Bruising and bleeding at injection site · Patients with peripheral joint osteoarthritis Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR CI: Confidence interval · adults with chronic low‐back pain Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments vs other treatments CI: Confidence interval · adults with chronic low‐back pain Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Behavioural treatments + other treatments vs other treatments alone CI: Confidence interval · adults with chronic low‐back pain Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Behavioural treatment vs waiting list control CI: Confidence interval · adults with chronic low‐back pain Behavioural treatment for chronic low‐back pain (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR asteric* denotes studies reporting both speed and crash outcomes. Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Phase 3 ‐ conducted in 1994 on one road in one province Noord‐Brabant. The reduction in crashes found in 1991 had been maintained. Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Phase 1 ‐ General effects ‐ effect of speed camera program on crash rate and severity covering first twelve month post intervention period. Phase 3, 4 and 5, of this 5‐phase study did not have before‐after data, hence only phase 1 and 2 tabled. Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR About 25% reduction in crashes to that expected. A significant 11% reduction in number of victims, with an average decrease of 139 daytime traffic crashes requiring an ambulance. A 17% reduction in daytime crash fatalities. Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR A 30% reduction in vehicles exceeding the speed limit, and a 43% reduction in vehicles exceeding the speed limit by more than 15 mph. Time over distance cameras were shown to be particularly effective (around 100% reduction) at reducing speeds exc... Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Crash outcomes measured: Killed and seriously injured (KSIs) and personal injury crashes (PICs). Across all sites KSI's decreased by 42%. This equated to about 1700 fewer KSI's per annum at these camera sites. Fixed cameras in both urban (47% redu... Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Having controlled for season and general trends, injury crash outcomes in experimental areas relative to control areas were a net reduction of 11% (p= 0.03) in all crashes and 19% (p=0.002) in injury crashes on open roads across the region associa... Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmented subscapularis transposition vs subscapularis transposition alone during total shoulder arthroplasty Quality of life ‐ not reported · Patients with rheumatoid shoulder Surgical interventions for the rheumatoid shoulder (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmented subscapularis transposition vs subscapularis transposition alone during total shoulder arthroplasty Component loosening / revisions ‐ not reported · Patients with rheumatoid shoulder Surgical interventions for the rheumatoid shoulder (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmented subscapularis transposition vs subscapularis transposition alone during total shoulder arthroplasty Other complications ‐ not reported · Patients with rheumatoid shoulder Surgical interventions for the rheumatoid shoulder (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mortality ‐ not measured · patients with first‐line ART failure Antiretroviral regimens for patients with HIV who fail first‐line antiretroviral therapy (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Disease progression ‐ not measured · patients with first‐line ART failure Antiretroviral regimens for patients with HIV who fail first‐line antiretroviral therapy (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Adherence/tolerability/retention ‐ not reported · patients with first‐line ART failure Antiretroviral regimens for patients with HIV who fail first‐line antiretroviral therapy (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Red blood cell transfusion vs no red blood cell transfusion Adverse effects/complications · Patients presenting with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage Red cell transfusion for the management of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Relapse ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fluoroquinolones vs macrolides Serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with Shigella dysentery Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |