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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

434 questions in 75 reviews · Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders

current versions
No studies 434 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Intervention NR
Body weight (kg)
Non‐nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Socioeconomic effects
Non‐nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Diabetes complications
Non‐nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
All‐cause mortality
Non‐nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
NNS versus sugar
Non‐nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
NNS versus nutritive, low‐calorie sweetener
Non‐nutritive sweeteners for diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs insulin
All‐cause mortality
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs sulphonylureas
Health‐related quality of life
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs sulphonylureas
End‐stage renal disease
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs thiazolidinediones
Health‐related quality of life
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs insulin
Serious adverse events
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs thiazolidinediones
End‐stage renal disease
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibitors
Health‐related quality of life
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibitors
End‐stage renal disease
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs glucagon like peptide‐1 analogues
Health‐related quality of life
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs glucagon like peptide‐1 analogues
End‐stage renal disease
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs meglitinides
All‐cause mortality
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs meglitinides
Health‐related quality of life
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs meglitinides
Cardiovascular mortality
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs insulin
Cardiovascular mortality
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs meglitinides
Non‐fatal myocardial infarction
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs meglitinides
Non‐fatal stroke
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs meglitinides
End‐stage renal disease
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs insulin
Non‐fatal myocardial infarction
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs insulin
Non‐fatal stroke
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings of metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: metformin vs insulin
End‐stage renal disease
Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy
All‐cause mortality · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy
Cardiovascular mortality · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy
Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention
All‐cause mortality · people at increased risk for developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention
Cardiovascular mortality · people at increased risk for developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention
Non‐fatal myocardial infarction/stroke · people at increased risk for developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy
Metformin · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention
Health‐related quality of life · people at increased risk for developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs intensive behaviour‐changing intervention
Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk for developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo
Health‐related quality of life · people at increased risk for developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs placebo
Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk for developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy
Acarbose · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention
Cardiovascular mortality · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention
Non‐fatal myocardial infarction/stroke · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention
Health‐related quality of life · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs no intervention
Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy
Repaglinide · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings: pioglitazone monotherapy vs another pharmacological glucose‐lowering monotherapy
Serious adverse events (N) · people at increased risk of developing T2DM
Pioglitazone for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in people… (2020) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug
All‐cause mortality (N) · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes
Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug
Cardiovascular mortality · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes
Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug
Acarbose · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes
Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug
Intensive diet plus exercise · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes
Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table for metformin vs diet and exercise or another antidiabetic drug
Socioeconomic effects · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes
Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Summary of findings table for metformin plus intensive diet and exercise vs intensive diet and exercise
Serious adverse events · people at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes
Metformin for prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its associated complications in persons at… (2019) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies