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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

726 questions in 98 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

current versions
No studies 726 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes)
Later development of cardiovascular disease · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes)
Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes
Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Pyridoxine vs placebo
Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Quality of life outcomes 3. Pregnancy complications 4. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Metoclopramide vs ondansetron
Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2.Days of hospital admission 3. Pregnancy complications 4. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Metoclopramide vs promethazine
Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Number of episodes of emesis 3. Days of hospital admission 4. Pregnancy complications 5. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Ondansetron vs promethazine
Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Number of episodes of emesis 3. Quality of life outcomes 4. Pregnancy complications 5. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Corticosteroids vs promethazine
Days of hospital admission 2. Quality of life outcomes 3. Pregnancy complications · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Acupuncture vs placebo
Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Number of episodes of emesis 3. Days of hospital admission 4. Intervention side effects · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Corticosteroids vs placebo
Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Number of episodes of emesis 3. Quality of life outcomes · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Acupuncture vs metoclopramide
Number of episodes of emesis 2. Days of hospital admission 3. Intervention side effects 4. Quality of life outcomes 5. Pregnancy complications 6. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum
Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion
Perinatal death or severe morbidity (neonatal encephalopathy, intraventricular haemorrhage, admission to intensive/high care) · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis
Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion
Low Apgar score at five minutes (less than seven or as defined by trial authors) · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis
Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage)
Infant sepsis (suspected or proven) ‐ not measured · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section
Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Rutoside vs placebo
Woman's perception of pain (as defined by trialists) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy
Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest
Woman's perception of pain (as defined by trialists) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy
Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest
Complications associated with varicose veins and leg oedema (venous leg ulcer) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy
Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest
Symptoms associated with varicose veins and oedema · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy
Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting
Perinatal death and or severe morbidity (neonatal intensive care unit admission, neonatal encephalopathy) · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability
Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Specialised antenatal clinics vs standard care
Small‐for‐gestational age · Women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Specialised antenatal clinics vs standard care
Very preterm birth (defined as birth less than 34 weeks' gestation) · Women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes
Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Brochure and an audiotape vs standard care
Rate of congenital toxoplasmosis defined by persistence of IgG antibodies beyond 11 months · women of reproductive age, irrespective of their pregnant status
Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Brochure and an audiotape vs standard care
Pregnant women knowledge of risk factors for acquiring toxoplasmosis infection as objectively measured through specific questionnaire · women of reproductive age, irrespective of their pregnant status
Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Brochure and an audiotape vs standard care
Pregnant women awareness of the importance of avoiding toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy as objectively measured through specific questionnaire · women of reproductive age, irrespective of their pregnant status
Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)
Low birthweight · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)
Perinatal mortality rate · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)
Sudden infant death syndrome · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group)
Gestational diabetes · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
All diet and/or exercise interventions vs standard/other care
Mean GWG (kg) · pregnant women
Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Admission to neonatal special care unit or intensive care unit · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications)
Women's satisfaction with care · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication)
Women's satisfaction with care · Pregnant women with/without complications
Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tape measurement vs clinical palpation
Neonatal detection of large‐for‐gestational age · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above.
Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tape measurement vs clinical palpation
Intrauterine death · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above.
Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Tape measurement vs clinical palpation
Neurodevelopmental outcome in childhood · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above.
Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3)
Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3)
Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3)
Constipation ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6)
Maternal mortality · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6)
Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6)
Infections ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7)
Maternal mortality · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7)
Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7)
Thromboembolic events ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intravenous iron vs oral iron
Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7)
Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Subcutaneous EPO 10,000 U of doses with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 8)
Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · patients with women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia
Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies