Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
726 questions in 98 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 100%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 0 · 0%Low 0 · 0%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (maternal outcomes) Later development of cardiovascular disease · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very tight vs tight‐moderate glycaemic control (infant outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women with pre‐existing type 1 diabetes Different intensities of glycaemic control for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pyridoxine vs placebo Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Quality of life outcomes 3. Pregnancy complications 4. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Metoclopramide vs ondansetron Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2.Days of hospital admission 3. Pregnancy complications 4. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Metoclopramide vs promethazine Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Number of episodes of emesis 3. Days of hospital admission 4. Pregnancy complications 5. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ondansetron vs promethazine Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Number of episodes of emesis 3. Quality of life outcomes 4. Pregnancy complications 5. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Corticosteroids vs promethazine Days of hospital admission 2. Quality of life outcomes 3. Pregnancy complications · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs placebo Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Number of episodes of emesis 3. Days of hospital admission 4. Intervention side effects · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Corticosteroids vs placebo Severity, reduction or cessation in nausea/vomiting 2. Number of episodes of emesis 3. Quality of life outcomes · Pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs metoclopramide Number of episodes of emesis 2. Days of hospital admission 3. Intervention side effects 4. Quality of life outcomes 5. Pregnancy complications 6. Adverse fetal/neonatal outcomes · pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum Interventions for treating hyperemesis gravidarum (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion Perinatal death or severe morbidity (neonatal encephalopathy, intraventricular haemorrhage, admission to intensive/high care) · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Amnioinfusion vs no amnioinfusion Low Apgar score at five minutes (less than seven or as defined by trial authors) · pregnant women with confirmed or suspected chorioamnionitis Amnioinfusion for chorioamnionitis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous route vs irrigation (lavage) Infant sepsis (suspected or proven) ‐ not measured · pregnant women undergoing caesarean section Routes of administration of antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing infection after caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rutoside vs placebo Woman's perception of pain (as defined by trialists) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest Woman's perception of pain (as defined by trialists) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest Complications associated with varicose veins and leg oedema (venous leg ulcer) · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External pneumatic intermittent compression vs rest Symptoms associated with varicose veins and oedema · Pregnant women with varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy Interventions for varicose veins and leg oedema in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Routine fetal movement counting vs mixed or undefined fetal movement counting Perinatal death and or severe morbidity (neonatal intensive care unit admission, neonatal encephalopathy) · Pregnant women who had reached the gestational age of fetal viability Fetal movement counting for assessment of fetal wellbeing (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Specialised antenatal clinics vs standard care Small‐for‐gestational age · Women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Specialised antenatal clinics vs standard care Very preterm birth (defined as birth less than 34 weeks' gestation) · Women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes Specialised antenatal clinics for women with a multiple pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Brochure and an audiotape vs standard care Rate of congenital toxoplasmosis defined by persistence of IgG antibodies beyond 11 months · women of reproductive age, irrespective of their pregnant status Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Brochure and an audiotape vs standard care Pregnant women knowledge of risk factors for acquiring toxoplasmosis infection as objectively measured through specific questionnaire · women of reproductive age, irrespective of their pregnant status Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Brochure and an audiotape vs standard care Pregnant women awareness of the importance of avoiding toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy as objectively measured through specific questionnaire · women of reproductive age, irrespective of their pregnant status Prenatal education for congenital toxoplasmosis (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group) Low birthweight · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group) Perinatal mortality rate · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group) Sudden infant death syndrome · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Caffeinated (experimental group) vs decaffeinated group (control group) Gestational diabetes · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation Effects of restricted caffeine intake by mother on fetal, neonatal and pregnancy outcomes (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
All diet and/or exercise interventions vs standard/other care Mean GWG (kg) · pregnant women Diet or exercise, or both, for preventing excessive weight gain in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Admission to neonatal special care unit or intensive care unit · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Computerised antenatal CTG vs traditional antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complications) Women's satisfaction with care · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Neurodevelopmental disability at 12 months of age · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Caesarean section for non‐reassuring or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional antenatal CTG vs no antenatal CTG (women at increased risk of complication) Women's satisfaction with care · Pregnant women with/without complications Antenatal cardiotocography for fetal assessment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tape measurement vs clinical palpation Neonatal detection of large‐for‐gestational age · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above. Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tape measurement vs clinical palpation Intrauterine death · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above. Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Tape measurement vs clinical palpation Neurodevelopmental outcome in childhood · Pregnant women with singleton fetuses who were of 20 weeks' gestation and above. Symphysial fundal height (SFH) measurement in pregnancy for detecting abnormal fetal growth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3) Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3) Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3) Constipation ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Maternal mortality · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Infections ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7) Maternal mortality · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7) Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7) Thromboembolic events ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron vs oral iron Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7) Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO 10,000 U of doses with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 8) Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · patients with women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |