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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
3,358 questions in 190 reviews · cluster CL0289
current versionsNo studies 599 · 17.8%Ungraded 1,759 · 52.4%Very low 612 · 18.2%Low 269 · 8%Moderate 107 · 3.2%High 12 · 0.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Intervention categories, outcome domains and clusters are a proposed key pending human validation. Clear all filters
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Itraconazole vs Fluconazole Systemic fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 1.0 [0.26, 3.89] | 1 study · 202 participants | Ungraded |
Paracetamol (single oral dose, any dose or formulation; subgroups up to 1000 mg and 1000 mg or more) vs Placebo Achieving at least 50% pain relief at 4 hours (using pain intensity measurements / SPID) · Patients requiring surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth or teeth, with baseline moderate to severe pain (surgery… · 4 hours Paracetamol for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth (2007) · Cochrane | RR 4.87 [2.83, 8.37] | 17 studies · 1658 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs No treatment Increase in the size of wear facets (canine teeth) · People with sleep bruxism (tooth grinding or clenching); children (greater than 1 year old) and adults; diagnosis… · 6 months of follow up, children (age 3 to 5 years) Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding) (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.20 [0.03, 1.15] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Ketoconazole 400 mg vs Ketoconazole 200 mg Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | 1 study (Scrimgeour 1985); no patient experienced oral candidiasis, not estimable | 1 study | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) Headaches · People with sleep bruxism (tooth grinding or clenching); children (greater than 1 year old) and adults; diagnosis… Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding) (2007) · Cochrane | Occlusal splint versus TENS, headaches (Alvarez-Arenal 2002): the event did not occur in either group, so the risk ratio was not estimable (Risk Ratio, M-H, Fixed, 95% CI; subtotals only). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Paracetamol (single oral dose, any dose or formulation; subgroups up to 1000 mg and 1000 mg or more) vs Placebo Achieving at least 50% pain relief at 6 hours (using pain intensity measurements / SPID) · Patients requiring surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth or teeth, with baseline moderate to severe pain (surgery… · 6 hours Paracetamol for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth (2007) · Cochrane | RR 3.41 [2.34, 4.97] | 13 studies · 1184 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Mandibular advancement device Preference (device preferred by participants) · People with sleep bruxism (tooth grinding or clenching); children (greater than 1 year old) and adults; diagnosis… Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding) (2007) · Cochrane | Occlusal splint versus mandibular advancement device, preference (Landry 2006): 12 of 13 participants preferred the occlusal splint over the mandibular advancement device (MAD free); a higher proportion of benefitted… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Thymostimulin vs Placebo or no treatment Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.12, 1.32] | 1 study · 35 participants | Ungraded |
Cast post and core with a diaphragm vs Cast post and core without a diaphragm Outcome NR · Participants with permanent endodontically-treated (root-filled) teeth for which a post is indicated to retain the… · Minimum 6 months (planned) Root canal posts for the restoration of root filled teeth (2007) · Cochrane | No included trial evaluated the presence of a diaphragm in cast posts (a planned secondary comparison); no eligible study identified. | 0 studies | No studies |
Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract Empirical antifungal treatment · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.68, 1.16] | 4 studies · 1031 participants | Ungraded |
Norfloxacin plus amphotericin B vs Amphotericin B Systemic fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.2, 2.23] | 1 study · 106 participants | Ungraded |
Potassium nitrate/dimethyl isosorbide/polycarboxylate cement (KNO3/DMI/PCa) vs Polycarboxylate cement (PCa) alone Clinical success (absence of periapical pathology, tenderness to pressure and fistula formation) at 24 months · Adults with asymptomatic vital pulpal exposures from caries · 24 months Pulp management for caries in adults: maintaining pulp vitality (2007) · Cochrane | Hodosh 2003 (Analysis 3.1): all 18 patients receiving KNO3/DMI/PCa responded favourably (0/18 developed clinical symptoms) versus 10/12 in the PCa group. "The results in groups two and three were statistically… | 1 study · 30 participants | Ungraded |
Glycerrhetinic acid/antibiotic mixture vs Zinc oxide eugenol Clinical success (survival free of symptoms) at 24 months · Adults with asymptomatic teeth with vital carious pulp exposures · 24 months Pulp management for caries in adults: maintaining pulp vitality (2007) · Cochrane | Shovelton 1971 (Analysis 1.1): 275 teeth followed for 2 years (235 at 6 months, 160 at 12 months, 85 analysed at 24 months). Success rates 50% to 80%. Ledermix and calcium hydroxide had the highest success rates,… | 1 study · 275 participants | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs partially absorbed from GI tract (miconazole, clotrimazole) vs Placebo or no treatment Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.06, 0.46] | 4 studies · 292 participants | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs Placebo or no treatment Amount of analgesia · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | No trial reported this planned secondary outcome for any comparison in this review | NR | No studies |
Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract Systemic fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.33, 1.06] | 8 studies · 2103 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Palatal splint Comfort (visual analogue scale) · People with sleep bruxism (tooth grinding or clenching); children (greater than 1 year old) and adults; diagnosis… Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding) (2007) · Cochrane | Occlusal splint versus palatal splint, comfort (median VAS 0 to 100 mm) (Dube 2004): occlusal splint 79.3 (SD 4.7) mm versus palatal splint 77.8 (8.1) mm; both rated as equally comfortable. No participant reported dry… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Palatal splint Preference (device preferred by participants) · People with sleep bruxism (tooth grinding or clenching); children (greater than 1 year old) and adults; diagnosis… Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding) (2007) · Cochrane | Occlusal splint versus palatal splint, preference (Dube 2004): all participants preferred the palatal splint rather than the occlusal splint; 71% felt the occlusal splint offered greater protection for their teeth. At… | 1 study | Ungraded |
Itraconazole vs Fluconazole Death associated with fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.73] | 1 study · 202 participants | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs partially absorbed from GI tract (miconazole, clotrimazole) vs Placebo or no treatment Empirical antifungal treatment · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 3.38 [0.15, 77.12] | 1 study · 32 participants | Ungraded |
Non-metal carbon-fibre post and core (Category III; Composipost) vs Metal custom-cast post and core (Category I; gold alloy) Clinical/technical failure (root fracture) · Participants with permanent endodontically-treated (root-filled) teeth for which a post is indicated to retain the… · 48 months (4 years) Root canal posts for the restoration of root filled teeth (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0.00, 0.90] | 1 study · 195 participants | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract Death associated with fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.38, 4.13] | 3 studies · 981 participants | Ungraded |
Occlusal splint vs Palatal splint Number of bruxism episodes per hour of sleep (Epi/h) · People with sleep bruxism (tooth grinding or clenching); children (greater than 1 year old) and adults; diagnosis… Occlusal splints for treating sleep bruxism (tooth grinding) (2007) · Cochrane | MD 0.54 [-10.95, 12.93] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Paracetamol (single oral dose, any dose or formulation; subgroups up to 1000 mg and 1000 mg or more) vs Placebo Achieving at least 50% pain relief at 6 hours (using pain relief measurements / TOTPAR) · Patients requiring surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth or teeth, with baseline moderate to severe pain (surgery… · 6 hours Paracetamol for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth (2007) · Cochrane | RR 3.32 [1.88, 5.87] | 13 studies · 1155 participants | Ungraded |
Paracetamol (single oral dose, any dose or formulation; subgroups up to 1000 mg and 1000 mg or more) vs Placebo Achieving at least 50% pain relief at 4 hours (using pain relief measurements / TOTPAR) · Patients requiring surgical removal of a lower wisdom tooth or teeth, with baseline moderate to severe pain (surgery… · 4 hours Paracetamol for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth (2007) · Cochrane | RR 2.85 [1.89, 4.29] | 16 studies · 1498 participants | Ungraded |
Potassium nitrate/polycarboxylate cement (KNO3/PCa) vs Polycarboxylate cement (PCa) alone Clinical success (absence of periapical pathology, tenderness to pressure and fistula formation) at 24 months · Adults with asymptomatic vital pulpal exposures from caries · 24 months Pulp management for caries in adults: maintaining pulp vitality (2007) · Cochrane | Hodosh 2003 (Analysis 3.1): 9/17 in the KNO3/PCa group and 10/12 in the PCa group developed clinical symptoms requiring endodontic therapy or extraction. No significance test reported for this specific contrast; no… | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
Nystatin vs Chlorhexidine plus nystatin Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 1.82 [0.73, 4.54] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract vs Placebo or no treatment Death associated with fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.01, 2.95] | 1 study · 51 participants | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs Placebo or no treatment Relief of pain · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | No trial reported this planned secondary outcome for any comparison in this review | NR | No studies |
Nystatin vs Placebo or no treatment Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.78, 1.08] | 3 studies · 153 participants | Ungraded |
Nystatin vs Natamycin Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.83, 1.37] | 1 study · 28 participants | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.21, 0.76] | 8 studies · 2103 participants | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract vs Placebo or no treatment Systemic fungal infection · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.01, 1.75] | 2 studies · 71 participants | Ungraded |
Ketoconazole vs Itraconazole Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | 1 study (Caselli 1990); no evidence of a difference; not estimable/not pooled | 1 study | Ungraded |
Antifungal drugs absorbed from GI tract (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole) vs Placebo or no treatment Oral candidiasis (present) · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy or radiotherapy or both Interventions for preventing oral candidiasis for patients with cancer receiving treatment (2007) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.29, 0.78] | 7 studies · 1153 participants | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Sites failing to gain 2 mm attachment (proportion) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.31, 0.96] | 6 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Aesthetics (patient's opinion) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | No data were found for this outcome (listed under 'Other outcomes: No data were found for the following outcomes'). | 0 studies | No studies |
Tongue scraping (mechanical tongue cleaning) vs Placebo or no intervention (nothing) Outcome NR · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis · Minimum 4 weeks (planned) Tongue scraping for treating halitosis (2006) · Cochrane | No eligible randomized controlled trials comparing tongue scraping with placebo or no intervention were identified. | 0 studies | No studies |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Change in clinical attachment level (attachment gain) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD 1.22 [0.80, 1.64] | 16 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Hard tissue probing at surgical re-entry (bone gain) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD 1.39 [1.08, 1.71] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) combined with bone substitutes/graft vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Hard tissue probing at surgical re-entry (bone gain) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD 3.37 [3.14, 3.61] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Tongue scraper or tongue cleaner (One Drop Only tongue cleaner; Tongue-Putzer scraper; polystyrene scraper) vs Toothbrush (used to clean the tongue) Volatile sulfur compound (VSC) levels measured by portable sulfide monitor · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis · Immediately to 35 min post-intervention (Seemann 2001); 1 week (Pedrazzi 2004) Tongue scraping for treating halitosis (2006) · Cochrane | No summary of findings table or GRADE assessment (pre-GRADE review); narrative synthesis, data not pooled. Seemann 2001: peak VSC reduction 42% with the tongue cleaner, 40% with the tongue scraper and 33% with the… | 2 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Tongue scraper or tongue cleaner (One Drop Only tongue cleaner; Tongue-Putzer scraper; polystyrene scraper) vs Toothbrush (used to clean the tongue) Self-expressed (perceived) or organoleptic (human nose) assessment of halitosis · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis · Minimum 4 weeks (planned) Tongue scraping for treating halitosis (2006) · Cochrane | Neither of the two included trials provided any self expressed (perceived) or organoleptic (human nose) assessments of halitosis (the review's primary outcomes); no data. | 0 studies | No studies |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Radiographic bone change · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | Radiographic data was contained in two studies. Mayfield 1998 showed 0.6 mm gain in bone from the base of the defect in both test and control groups; Ratka-Kruger 2000 reported descriptively that only minute changes in… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Tooth loss · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | No tooth loss was reported in any study although these data are incomplete where patient follow-up was not complete (no events; no estimable effect). | 17 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) combined with bone substitutes/graft vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Change in clinical attachment level (attachment gain) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD 1.25 [0.89, 1.61] | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Change in probing depth (probing depth reduction) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… · >=12 months Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | MD 1.21 [0.53, 1.88] | 11 studies | Ungraded |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Disease recurrence (% sites with >=2 mm loss of probing attachment from 12 months after treatment) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | No data were found for this outcome (listed under 'Other outcomes: No data were found for the following outcomes'). | 0 studies | No studies |
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) with barrier membrane (resorbable or non-resorbable) vs Open flap debridement (access flap surgery) Ease of maintenance (% of sites with <4 mm probing depth) · Patients with chronic periodontitis (aged 21 years or older) with periodontal infra-bony defects; furcation-involved… Guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infra-bony defects (2006) · Cochrane | No data were found for this outcome (listed under 'Other outcomes: No data were found for the following outcomes'). | 0 studies | No studies |
Tongue scraping (mechanical tongue cleaning) vs Mouthwash or other chemical intervention Outcome NR · Adults (over 18 years) with a clinical or self-assessed diagnosis of halitosis · Minimum 4 weeks (planned) Tongue scraping for treating halitosis (2006) · Cochrane | No randomized controlled trials comparing mechanical tongue cleaning with mouthwashes were identified; the review notes "the somewhat unexpected lack of randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of… | 0 studies | No studies |